高中生在英语学习中或多或少都会存在错误，尤其是在英语
1. 主谓关系中人称和数量不一致性
汉语的动词不受主语的人称和数的影响，但英语的谓语动词要和主语保持一致，谓语动词要随着主语而变化。而学生主要用汉语思维，因此他们往往没有习惯去考虑主语是第几人称，是单数还是复数。例如：
a. A number of students is going to learn a foreign language.
b. He go to school by bike every day.
分析：
a句中a number of +复数名词做主语时，其谓语动词用复数形式。b中 He是第三人称单数，在一般现在时态中谓语动词go应该加es。
2.时态
高中生在写作中经常在时态方面犯错误。英语时态种类繁多，动词的构成形式随着时态的变化而变化。中文里没有时态区分。动作或动词的时间由跟在动词后的诸如 “着”、“了”、“过”等副词来表示，对高中生来说，掌握英语的时态不是很容易。实际上，学习者在头脑里很清楚语法规则，但经常混淆或忘记改变动词的词形。例如：
a. A baby can cry as soon as it was born.
b. I spend 50 yuan buying the clothes.
c. I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow.
正确的句子：
a. A baby can cry as soon as it is born.
b. I spent 50 yuan buying the clothes.
c. I will not come here if it rains tomorrow.
分析：
第一句是一个常识问题，应该用一般现在时态。第二句“我买这件衣服花了50元”应该是过去时态。第三句主句是一般将来时，从句是一般现在时态。
3.语态错误
动词的被动式在英语中比比皆是，学生由于汉语思维的影响，很少考虑到用被动语态。虽然中文里也有被动式的含义，但与英语里被动式表达方式完全不同。英语里的被动式要求有助动词be和一个变异的过去分词形式，其中这个助动词带有时态和人称数量信息，中文里需要使用诸如“被”、“使”、 “让”等词语，不需要有不规则的动词形式。这对中国的学习者来说就有潜在的困难。例如：
a. New bicycles must keep inside.
b. The book has to return at the end of the week.
c. The food has cooked.
d. Knife should take away from babies.
正确的句子：
a. New bicycles must be kept inside.
b. The book has to be returned at the end of the week.
c. The food has been cooked.
d. Knives should be taken away from babies.
很明显，这些句法结构己经被确认为未能正确使用英语中的被动式。学生还会犯一些其它方面的错误，其中之一是，常常把英语里没有被动语态的词(组)，如 take place, occur, happen, belong to，appear, break out, rise, die等用作被动语态。
4.固定搭配
错误有介词短语的搭配，固定词组的搭配，更多的是特殊动词的搭配和用法出现错误最多。很多学习者在记单词的'时候，不记搭配和真正用法，错误如下：
a. He suggested to go there on his bike.
b. My teacher explained me the text very carefully.
c. My mother made me to choose the one I liked best.
正确的句子：
a. He suggested going there on his bike.
b. My teacher explained to me the text very carefully.
c. My mother made me choose the one I liked best.
据以上的分析，中国学习者的英语应用很大程度上受到其母语的影响，直接翻译，没有记住这些动词的特殊用法。
5.非谓语动词
错误由于学生对非谓语动词的概念不清楚，对不定式、分词、动名词的用法不明白，对句子结构分析不正确，常把非谓语动词误用作谓语动词。学生不知道在英语句子中谓语动词只能有一个，如果有另外一个动词出现，这个动词有三种情况：一是并列谓语，但是这时候必须有连词，如and, but等;二是出现在从句里面;三就是以分词形式出现，现在分词和过去分词，还有不定式。现在分词有主动语态和进行时的含义，而过去区分词有被动语态和完成时的含义，不定式有将来时态的意义。例如：
a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things look at.
b. I am looking forward to see you.
正确的句子：
a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things to look at.
b. I am looking forward to seeing you.
分析：
a句中己有谓语动词there are，用来修饰things，此句缺的是后置定语。b句look forward to是一个固定短语，后面要接动名词。c句要用现在分词作定语，跟所修饰的名词之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行，因此用“sleeping”，相当于 “the child who is sleeping"。
6.冠词错误
学生在翻译时常会忘了考虑冠词，或者说不重视冠词这个问题，常有多用或少用或错用的弊病。
冠词考查分两个方面，一是冠词的残缺或多余，考生要注意关于含有冠词(不含冠词)的用法以及加冠词与不加冠词的区别，如：in charge of与in the charge of, out of question与out of the question的区别。二是冠词the, a, an(不定冠词和定冠词)之间的相互误用。
英汉名词确有许多共同点，但是也有不少不同点。英语名词有可数与不可数之分，汉语里没有，且一般情况下，名词都可受到数量词的限制。因此，英语写作中，一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather， information等少数常用不可数名词时，学生往往会犯错误。
不过，在使用英语不可数名词时，又会出现两种情况，一种是绝不可以用a/an或数词来直接修饰，如上述提及的几个名词：另一种情况是，少数不可数名词在被形容词等修饰后，可用a/an等来修饰。如time(时间)，rain(雨)。所以我们可以说：We had a wonderful time yesterday. 例如：
a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
正确的句子：
a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
7.代词的错误
代词主要有人称代词、物主代词、关系代词、反身代词、疑问代词、复合疑问代词、指示代词，要注意代词的各人称之间和单复数之间的误用，关系代词 which, that, as之间的误用，关系代词that与疑问代词what之间的误用，关系代词which与关系副词when, where，以及what与how的误用等。例如：
a. We do not like he.
b. If you like this books, you can take them away.
c. His book is different from me.
d. The population of China is larger than those of Japan.
正确的句子：
a. We do not like him.
b. If you like these books, you can take them away.
c. His book is different from mine.
d. The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
汉语里，人称代词没有主格、宾格和所有格之变，而英语中的人称代词有主格、宾格和所有格之变，而且每格都具有其自身的用途，分别充当主语、宾语和定语等。尤其要注意的是，人称代词充当介词宾语时，也要采用其宾格形式。
8.连词的错误
连词主要有两类，即并列连词和从属连词，考查点主要是并列连词(分递进式、转折式、选择式和因果式四种)之间的误用(主要是but与so/and之间的误用)，从属连词之间的误用以及并列连词与从属连词之间的误用等。例如：
a. He had little to eat and a large house to live in.
b. He had no sooner arrived when he fell ill.
c. If you go this way, and you will soon see the hospital.
正确的句子：
a. He had little to eat but a large house to live in.
b. He had no sooner arrived than he fell ill.
c.1f you go this way，you will soon see the hospital.
9.名词的错误
名词主要考查单数名词变复数名词，这主要是受东西方文化差异的影响，英语中除了不可数名词和单数名词用单数外，可数名词要用复数形式。另外还有一些特殊形式。例如：
a. What a beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regard to your parents.
c. I have got good marks in all my subject.
正确的句子：
a. What beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regards to your parents.
c. I have got good marks in all my subjects.
10.情态动词和助动词的错误
这类错误有以下几种情况：① 情态动词后的动词使用过去时态;② 情态动词后的动词加“s”③ 情态动词后的动词加“ing”④”will”后面的“be”动词用“am、“is”或“are ”;⑤助动词“do”后面的动词用动词过去时态;⑥。助动词“do”后面的动词第三人称单数加“s";⑦ 助动词“do”后面的动词加“ing”等。例如：
a. I could did my homework.
b. He may goes to school by bike every day.
正确的句子：
a. I could do my homework.
b. He may go to school by bike every day.
代词及练习(含答案)
第11章 代词
一.概念:
代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。
二.相关知识点精讲
1.人称代词
1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。
2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：
I like table tennis. （作主语）
Do you knowhim?（作宾语）
3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：
---Whos is knocking at the door?
---It’s me.
4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：
He is older than me.
He is older thanI am.
2. 物主代词
1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性
物主代词，如下表所示。
2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：
Our teacher is coming to see us.
This is her pencil-box.
3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。
Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）
--- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）
--- No. Mine is in my bag.
I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）
3. 指示代词
指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。
1) this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those
则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：
This is a pen andthat is a pencil．
We are busy these days．
Inthose days the workers had a hard time．
2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲
到的事物，例如：
I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.
What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English．
3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如：
Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai．
4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?
4. 反身代词
英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"
等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。
反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。
1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人
或一些人。
He called himself a writer．
Would you please express yourself in English?
2)作表语。
It doesn't matter．I'll be myself soon．
The girl in the news is myself．
3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。
I myself washed the clothes．（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）
You should ask the teacher himself．（作宾语同位语）
三.巩固练习
1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.
A. you B. me C. him D. her
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
3. ---You want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.
A. other B. another C. others D. the other
4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.
---Never mind. You can have ________.
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?
---Work harder than last term.
A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself
9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?
---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
10. ---Is _______ here?
---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.
A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody
11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another
13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?
---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?
A. neither B. both C. none D. either
14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?
---No. _______ of them can use a computer.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that
16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?
A. another B. other C. one D. the other
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.
A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves
18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?
---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.
A. no B. any C. some D. none
19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself
20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?
高中英语语法大全 第十一章 代词 (2)
2007-01-12 点击数:2292
5. 不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表
语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：
1)some与any的区别
①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.
. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.
②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。
If you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle.
Have you got any tea?
③any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。
How many people can you see in the picture?
I can't see any.
If you have no money, I'll lend you some.
注意：与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。
2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别
①用作形容词：
表示肯定
表示否定
用于可数名词
a few虽少，但有几个
few不多，几乎没有
用于不可数名词
a little，虽少，但有一点
little不多，没有什么
I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese.
There is only a little milk in the glass.
He has few friends.
They had little money with them.
②a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。
I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night.
3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。
用 法
代名词
形容词
另一个
别人，其他人
another (boy)
另一个（男孩）
other (boys)
其他男孩
the other
另一个
the others
其余那些人、物
the other (boy)
另一个男孩
the other (boys)
其余那些男孩
①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别
的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
②other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.
③other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.
④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.
In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.
⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?
⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.
4)every与each的区别。
1)可单独使用
1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词
2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别”
3)着重“全体”，毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物
4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物
The teacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.
5)all和both的用法。
①all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语）
= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. (作主语)
That's all for today. (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)
All the leaders are here. (作定语)
②both作代词。
a.与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
b.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
c.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.
③both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
6. 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）
Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）
We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）
The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework.
（作定语）
7. 疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑
问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：
Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）
What is that? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
8.关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：
I hate people who talk much but do little.
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.
With the moneythat he had saved, he went on with his studies.
Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?
三.巩固练习
1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.
A. you B. me C. him D. her
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little B. little C. a few D. few
3. ---You want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.
A. other B. another C. others D. the other
4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.
---Never mind. You can have ________.
A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?
---Work harder than last term.
A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself
9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?
---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which
10. ---Is _______ here?
---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.
A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody
11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.
A. more B. other C. the other D. another
13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?
---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?
A. neither B. both C. none D. either
14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?
---No. _______ of them can use a computer.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?
A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that
16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?
A. another B. other C. one D. the other
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.
A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves
18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?
---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.
A. no B. any C. some D. none
19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.
A. me B. my C. mine D. myself
20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?
A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs
四.答案
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C
三十五个经典句型 帮你过写作关（英语四级）
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.
（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）
例句：So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）
例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.
没有人不渴望上大学。
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的）
It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的）
It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的）
例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.
夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）
例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。）
例句：It pays to help others.
帮助别人是值得的。
二十四、be based on （以...为基础）
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让...明白...事）
例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关）
例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做运动与健康息息相关。
二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving
= make it a rule to + V （养成...的习惯）
We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...）
例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的'梦想。
三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）
例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!
How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守诺言是多么重要的事！
三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意）
例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。
三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响）
例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害）
例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。
三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁）
例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。
三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best （尽全力去...）
例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
常见标点符号的用法
句号 Period [.]
用以表示一个句子的结束
Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.
The federal government is based in Ottawa.
用在缩写中
B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.
The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.
问号 Question Mark [?]
在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句：
How many provinces are there in Canada?
注意：在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号：
The teacher asked the class a question.
Do not ask me why.
叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]
在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪：
We won the Stanley Cup!
The forest is on fire!
逗号 Comma [,]
句子中的停顿
Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.
在疑问句中引出说话人：
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
排列三个或以上的名词：
Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.
引出定语从句
Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.
单引号 Apostrophe [']
表示所有
This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)
Note: 对于复数形式的名词，只加'
These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)
缩写I don't know how to fix it.
[NextPage]
引号Quotation Marks ["]
直接引出某人说的话：
The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
冒号Colon [:]
引出一系列名词
There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.
引出一个较长的引语
The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."
分号Semicolon [;]
将两个相关的句子连接起来
The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.
和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词
The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.
破折号Dash [-]
在一个句子前作总结
Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.
在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释
The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.
表示某人在说话过程中被打断
The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.
连字符Hyphen [-]
连接两个单词
sweet-smelling
fire-resistant
将前缀
anti-Canadian
non-contact
在数字中使用
one-quarter
twenty-three
英语六级词汇与语法结构命题趋势
词汇命题趋势
《大学英语教学大纲修订稿》对大学英语基础阶段词汇教学的较高要求(六级)规定如下：
领会式掌握的单词为5，500个，其中复合式掌握的单词为3，000个，以及由这些词构成的常用词组2000条(中学所掌握的单词和词组包括在内)，并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力，领会式掌握是指看到英语单词能理解其词义，复合式掌握是指能正确拼写单词并掌握其基本词义和用法。大学英语六级测试就是检验学生是否达到了较高要求。
在大学英语六级考试中，词汇和语法同属一个考试项目，考试时间为20分钟，考试题数为30个，计分为每小题0.5分，其计15分。题目分配：30道题中，约60%(18道题)为词和短语的用法，约40%(12道题)为语法结构。可见，与四级测试相比而言，六级更重视词汇的测试。考试范围为教学大纲词汇表一至六级全部内容。测试词汇量大约5000～5300个单词及一定量的习语，涉及动词、动词短语、名词、形容词和副词等，目的是为了测试学生运用词、短语的能力。
从历年大学英语六级考试的试卷分析可以看出：词汇测试主要集中在词义的记忆与辨析、词汇的搭配与用法等项目上，归纳起来，可大致分为下列几种：?
1.同义、近义辨析题 词汇区别是词汇测试的一个重要方面，它主要是对同义词或近义词在含义与用法上进行区别。这类试题的选项是四个词性相同、词义相同或相近的词。测试的目的在于检测考生辨别词义和运用词汇的能力。词汇区别一直是学生在学习英语过程中遇到的一大难题。这主要是由于他们没有掌握汉英两种语言在词汇方面的差异，往往只注意英语的汉语释义，而忽略了其本身的内在涵义和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐车司机的腿和胳膊只受了一些轻伤。这道题测试考生对同义词细微差别的辨别能力。四个选项中的名词都含有“伤害”之意，但它们之间还有语义使用范围上的细微差别。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的伤害。wound多指由枪炮等武器所造成的伤害。harm指危害、害伤。injury指在事故、战争中所受的伤害。根据题意，答案应选D。
2.近形词汇题 英语词汇中，有一些拼写很相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。英语六级考试的一条重要命题规律就是用形近词来干扰考生作出正确选择。其目的是要检测考生辨别词形和运用词汇的能力。如果考生平时不善于对形近词进行自觉的对比，对它们的差异不甚了解，那就会在答题时绯徊不定，难以作出正确的选择，甚至张冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。尽管工程的远期效果还无法预测，委员会还是批准了这项工程。这四个词拼写相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。affect动词，意为“影响”；effect为名词，意为“效果”；effort名词，意为“努力”；afford动词，意为“负担得起；提供”。掌握了它们之间的这些差异，你会毫不犹豫地选择B。
3.词组与习惯用法辨析题 1)动词短语搭配 英语动词短语是英语的难点之一，它是由动词+副词、动词+介词、动词+副词+介词几种方式构成的惯用组合，具有自己独特的意义。其意义、语法、用法等常使考生感到困难。首先，动词短语的词义不是动词和副词、介词等小品词的简单组合，往往难以从字面上理解。其次，动词短语的使用场合及范围不易弄清楚。第三，同义、近义和反义的动词短语容易混淆。要学好英语，必须学会使用动词短语。测试动词短语的题目在词汇题中占有很大的比例，其目的是测试考生辨别和运用动词短语，尤其是同一动词所构成的不同动词短语的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄电池电力减弱了，因此汽车无法发动起来。这是一个因果关系的句子。“汽车为什么发动不起来?”原因是“电池电力减弱”。四个选项中，只有run down有“减弱”之意，其它三个选择项与本句意思不合。run up表示“增长”，run off“逃离”；run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了这四个动词短语的含义，就会作出正确的选择了。?
2)习惯用语题 英语习语(English idiom)具有特有的、约定俗成的结构形式，如“步行”，可说on foot,不说by foot，而“乘车”要说by bus,不说on bus。再如anything but与nothing but两个词组意义完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英语中的习语令人眼花缭乱，其构成形式有的甚至无规律可循。它们通常由两个或两个以上的词组成，不能任意拆开。其意义常常不是单词意义的简单结合，而是另外具有新的意义。因此，应把词组作为一个整体来记。测试的目的是检验考生对常用词组的理解和运用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在厨房门口，你挡路了。这四个选择项都是固定词组，都有自己的含义。ina way表示“在某种程度上或某点上”；by the way“顺便说一下”；in no way“决不”；in the way表示“挡路，妨碍”；“阻止”。根据题意答案应为D。学生面对这些貌似杂乱无章，没有规律可循的习惯表达法，一方面要广读多看，博词强记；另一方面还要会寻找规律，学会归纳，避免机械记忆而事倍功半。 总而言之，解答词汇题的先决条件是对词汇的理解和辨析。因此考生平时要注意弄清楚词的内涵和外部关系，尤其是要注意了解名词、动词、形容词等实词彼此之间以及它们与介词或副词之间的搭配关系。与此同时，还要留心词的惯用法，把习语作为一个整体储存在脑海里。?
语法命题趋势
语法结构是考生必须掌握的一个重要部分。在六级考试中，语法内容出现在词语用法与语法结构这一部分(Vocabulary and Structure)。从以往考试的全真题来看，语法结构所占的比例略小于词语用法，但数目相差并不多。语法测试要求考生根据题目所提供的某种线索，从给出的四个选择项中选出在语法规则上、语意逻辑上及文体上与题干完全吻合的最佳答案。从内容上来看，语法部分的测试强调全面性，除略微偏重虚拟语气外，教学大纲语法结构表中的其他语法项目几乎都涉及到了。语法测试的另一个重要特点是其特殊性，测试的重点多为语法项目中的特殊点，如虚拟语气中if的省略与倒装、情态动词与完成体的搭配等。 因此，考生必须在全面、准确、透彻掌握基本语法项目的基础上，进一步钻研其中特殊的疑难点，并辅以大量的练习，才能顺利通过语法难关。 语法结构部分主要测试时态和语态、虚拟语气、主从复合句(定语从句、名词从句、状语从句等)、句法结构(强调句型、倒装语序、独立结构等)以及一致问题、固定句型等内容。考生需要注意的是，在开始答题之前，一定要对选择项及题干进行认真的分析，辨明该题所要测试的语法点以及出题者的测试意图，只有这样，在应试时才能做到心中有数，临场不乱。
一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时也译为单纯将来时。
例A：I shall not come if it rains tomorrow.
（如明天下雨我就不来。）
例B：My brother will leave for the United States next week.
（我的哥哥下星期要到美国去。）
解说 从句式我们可以了解一般将来时的表达须借助于助动词“shall／will”。关于“shall／will”的用法，传统文法谈得很多，同时各文法学家的理论也不很一致。更重要的是英国人和美国人对“shall／will”的用法规则并不很一致，也不很严谨，所以本书拟只提供下面的五个规则，相信各位只要把下面这五个规则学通了，你的“shall／will”的用法就可以中规中矩了。
①说或写都尽量使用“I'll, You'll, He'll , She'll , It'll, We'll , They'll …”的简缩形（如用法例2、3）。
②要表达主语的“意志”，通常都用“will”（文法上称为意志将来。）
例A：I won't see him again.
（我不愿意再和他见面。）
例B：Who will go and help that poor old man?
（谁愿意去帮助那个可怜的老人？）
Mary will . （玛莉愿意。）
③说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去，通常用“shall”。
例A：You shall not do that again.
（你不可以再做那样的事。）
例B：He shall return that book tomorrow.
（明天他必须把那本书归还。）
④第一人称问句使用“shall”。
例A：Shall I call you a taxi ?
（需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗？）
例B：Shall we tell her the truth ?
（我们可以把实情告诉她吗？）
⑤问句是“Shall…?”，答句就用“shall ~”；问句用“Will …？”，答句就用“will ~ ”。
例A：Shall you go to school tomorrow ?
（你明天须要上学去吗？）
Yes, I shall . We'll have an exam .
（是的，我必须去。我们明天有考试。）
例B：Will you go to school with me tomorrow?
（明天你要不要和我一道去学校？）
No, I won't . I'm going on a picnic.
（我不要。我已定好要去郊游。）
注：Let's …”的附加疑问通常使用“…, shall we ?”。
Let's have a rest, shall we?
（我们休息一下，怎样？）
一般将来时除了使用“shall／will + V…”以外，也可以使用下列的几种句式来表达。
1．be going to + V … （即将会……；打算将……）
例A：It is going to rain. Take an umbrella with you.
（带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。）
例B：The Browns are going to move to Australia.
（布朗先生全家打算迁移到澳大利亚去。）
2．be about to + V （即将……，指紧接着要发生的动作。）
例：Let's wait a minute. He is about to arrive.
（我们等一下。他即将会到达。）
3．be + V-ing …（定于……，指接近的将来动作。）
例：He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
（他定于明天早晨到香港去。）
4．be + to V （定于……，指预定的将来动作。）
例：She is to be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.
（她定于明晨九时到达这里。）
5．V-（e）s （定于……，指接近的将来动作，但不如第3项主观。）
例：He leaves for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
（他定于明天早晨到香港去。——与（3）项的区别在于（3）项的动作是出自主语的决定，（5）项则不一定是出自主语的决定。）
常用于修饰一般将来时的时间副词有：tomorrow, tomorrow morning （afternoon, evening）, next + 时间 （next night, next Monday …, next week, month…, next summer…, next year）, in （the） future （将来），soon （不久之后），in +时间 （in five days——再过五天，in two weeks——再过二星期），etc.
Drilling Square
Ⅰ．请在下列各题空格处填入shall或will。
1．You ______ not drive through a red light.
2．I ______ do everything for her.
3．______ you help me with this heavy bag, John?
4．______ I help you with that heavy bag, Madam?
5．Let's go and take a walk after dinner, ______ we?
6．"No one ______ leave the classroom if I haven't said Okay," said the teacher.
7．It ______ soon be over, I am sure.
8．Do what you ______ , but don't go out.
9．I ______ take you there with me, if it's OK with your mother.
10．Rain or shine, I ______ come.
Ⅱ．请在下列各题空格处就所设动词给予适当的将来时。
1．A：How do you want to go to Hualain, by air or by train?
B：I am not in a hurry this time, so I （1） take the train.
2．A：（2） （you like） to go to the game this afternoon?
B：I'd love to. Where （3） （we meet） ?
A：You just stay home and wait for me. I （4） drive my car there, so I （5） （pick） you up at about 1:30 .
3．A：It's a good dictionary . I （6） （buy） it, but I don't have money with me now.
B：Don't worry. I （7） （lend） you.
4．A：I hear Miss Chen （8） leave our school and teach in a bigger school in Taipei.
B：But the principal （校长） （9） not let her go . He says she （10） teach at least for another semester until he finds a new teacher.
英语中有哪些基本句式
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
S十V主谓结构
S十V十F主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语
五个基本句式详细解释如下：
1．S十V句式
在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。例如：
He runs quickly．
他跑得快。
They listened carefully．
他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger．
他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country．
中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out．
煤气用完了。
My ink has run out．
我的钢笔水用完了。
2．S十V十P句式
在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：
He is older than he looks．
他比看上去要老。
He seen interested in the book．
他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting．
这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard．
书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice．
饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nicc．
花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before．
你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill．
他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still．
他静静地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up．
他长大后当了教师。
He could never turn traitor to his country．
他永远不会背叛他的祖国。
注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：
He looked me up and down．
他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant．
他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the fish．
他们在品尝鱼。
They grow rice in their home town．
他们在家乡种水稻。
He‘s got a chair to sit on．
他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English．
请把这个句于泽成英语。
3．S十V十O句式
在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。例如：
I saw a film yesterday．
我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story?
你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily．
他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year．
他们去年建了一所房子。
They‘ve put up a factory in the village．
他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children．
这些孩子他们照看得很好。
You should look after your children well．
你应该好好照看你的孩子。
4．S十V十O1十O2句式
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me．
他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me．
他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me．
他把座位让给我。
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.
妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me．
他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me．
请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me．
他问我个问题。
注意，下边动词只有一种说法：
They robbed the old man of his money．
他们抢了老人的钱。
He‘s warned me of the danger.
他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease．
医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of th erats．
我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak．
他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
5．S十V十O十C句式
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry．
他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day．
他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out．
我发现他出去了。
I saw him in．
我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand．
他们发现沙地上有脚印。
They named the boy Charlie．
他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out．
我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast．
他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now．
我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him．
他发现研究所的大门对
他关闭了。
教学目标
教学目标与要点
1．掌握本单元的词汇和部分短语的用法。如：so far，send up，make up，put off，etc.
2．能正确表达两地距离，根据列车里程表进行分析。
3．能熟练谈论购物、选择电视节目、物品的产地和用途等话题，掌握相关的日常用语。
4．学习构词法：n + n → n；n + ing／-en → adj；v + er/ or →n；如：fire + place = fireplace，interest - interesting, print - printer
5．认真学习课文The Universe and Man - made Satellites，扩大知识面，了解航天等前沿科技。
6．复习、归纳动词不定式、被动语态的构成和用法及相关注意事项，省去to的动词不定式，必须加上to的被动语态等。如：help sb．do sth，be made to do sth．
本单元词组和日常交际用语
(一) 本单元词组和短语
send sb an email 给……发电子邮件
different parts of the computer 电脑的不同部件
put … together 把……连在一起；组装……指向……
put information into the computer 把信息输入电脑
provide information on a screen 在屏幕上提供信息
point at… 指向……
talk about… 谈论……
travel around… 围绕……运行
send up … into… 往……发射…..
spaceships without people 无人的宇宙飞船
use … to do … 用……做……
send and receive messages 发射和接受信息
with the help (of) 在（……的）帮助下
all the time 始终
thanks to… 归功于；幸亏……
people from different countries 来自不同国家的人们
no smoking 禁止吸烟
computer room 微机室；电脑房
spend time alone 独自打发时间
（二）日常交际用语和句型
It is about … kilometres from … to…. 从…… 到…… 大约…… 公里。
How many kilometers by train / plane / boat / car …is it from … to…? 从……到……坐火车/坐飞机/坐船/坐轿车大约……公里。
I want to let you choose what to do. 我想让你选择该干什么。
教学建议一
教材内容分析
本单元是复习单元，我们要复习巩固前面所学5个单元的内容，主要是复习一般现在时、一般过去时和含有情态动词的被动语态和动词不定式的用法，还有表达计量和距离等的数字表示法。本单元还学习了一些常用词组和简单的构词方法。通过对课文“The Universe and Man - made Satellites”的学习，我们要了解一些有关太空的常识，来激发学习的积极性，提高学习英语的兴趣。课文中出现有现在完成时态的被动语态。同时，我们要能够读懂列车里程表，能熟练地谈论“购物、选择电视节目”等话题，掌握相关日常用语。
本单元重点例句及词语辨析
1. I hope I can make my own computer that way someday. 我希望有朝一日我能在家里用那种方式制造我自己的电脑。
Someday (some day)和one day 都可以表示“总有一天；有朝一日”的意思。
【例】 Someday we’ll go there to visit you though you are too far away from us. We are all going to stay together one day. 虽然你离我们很远，但有朝一日我们一定去看你。总有一天我们会在一起的。
2．I’m sure you can. 我确信你行。
be sure 意为“确信；确定；肯定”，其有三种用法：be sure of sth, be sure to do sth和be sure that从句。
【例】
(1) Are you sure that he is honest?
你能肯定他老实吗？
(2)— Are you sure of it?
— Yes, I am sure.
— 你对这事有把握吗？
— 是的，我确信。
(3)— Be sure to write to me as soon as you get there.
— Of course.
— 你一到那里一定给我写信。
— 当然。
3. When we talk about the universe, we mean the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and the space between them. 当我们谈论宇宙时，我们指的是地球，太阳，月亮，星星以及它们之间的宇宙空间。
(1) 当我们谈论独一无二的事物说，要在前面加上“the”。如the earth, the sun, the moon。sky的前面必须加the。
(2) 关于space, universe, sky三个词汇的区别
space含“宇宙空间”之意，指大气层以外的太空领域，其前不用冠词，space有时指“间隙；空间”，为不可数名词。；universe含“宇宙万物”之意，指物质，如星星、太阳、月球等，其前常用定冠词the；sky指从地球上看，头顶之上的“天空”，通常与定冠词连用，多用单数形式，如果前在面有形容词修饰，则用“a(an)+形容词+sky”句式。
【例】
Nobody can tell exactly information about when the universe first came into being. But the spaceship travelled through space to the moon brings us hope to study it. Now satellites are used for studying the universe. And we are sure it is not God who makes the universe. We can see a clear, blue sky, and someday we will know more about it. There is no space for doubt. Is it right?
没人能准确说出宇宙是什么时候产生的。但是宇宙飞船登陆月球给我带来研究它的希望。现在卫星用于研究宇宙。我们确信了不是上帝创造了宇宙。我们能看到一个湛蓝、明朗的天空，总有一天，我们会了解到更多。我们没有怀疑的余地。不是吗？
4. The moon travels round the earth. 月球围绕地球转。
（1）travel 在句中意为move, go等，travel还可作“旅行；传播”讲，
【例】He has never travelled to the big cities in the north of China.他从没有旅行过中国北方的大城市。
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。
（2）round, around两词都可与动词连用，但与前者连用的动词具有活动性；与后者连用的动词带有静止性，
【例】The students are running round a chair to play a game. 学生们正围着椅子跑，做游戏。
We often sit around the old man and listen to his interesting stories. 我们经常围坐在那个老人周围听他讲有趣的故事。
5. Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.
satellite，plane与star这三个单词有相近的含义，但它们的用法各不相同。satellite表示“卫星”，planet表示“行星”，star表示“星星”。
(1)satellite具体来说，有两种含义：一种是指卫星，也就是说围绕行星运行的天体，它本是不发光。
【例】The moon is a satellite of the earth．
月亮是地球的卫星。
另一种意义是人造卫星，即：围绕着某个天体转的由人类发射的卫星。
【例】A new artificial satellite has been launched again by China．
中国又发射了一颗新人造卫星。
其他与satellite连用的名词。
【例】a satellite station 卫星电台
a manned satellite 载入卫星
(2) planet是“行星”，也就是说围绕太阳运转的天体，本身不发光，只能反射太阳光。例如：
Do you know the nine major planets?
你知道九大行星吗？
（九个行星是：Mercury 水星；Venus金星；the Earth地球；Mars火星；Jupiter 木星； Saturn土星；Uranus天王星；Neptune海王星；Pluto冥王星）
(3) star是“恒星；星星”，它有两层含义：一是泛指夜晚我们天空中见到的所有的天体；二是其本身能发光和热的天体。
【例】the evening star 昏星
the morning star 晨星
the North star 北极星
另外：star还有其他的意义：
the Red Flag with Five Stars 五星红旗
film stars 影星（电影明星）
famous stars明星
6. So far, no man has traveled farther than the moon, but spaceships without people have reached other parts of the universe. 到目前为止，还没有人到达比月球更远的地方，但是无人驾驶宇宙飞船已经到达宇宙的其他地方。
(1) so far 的意思是到目前为止，可解释成“until now, up to now”。
【例】They have been to many cities in the south so far. 到目前为止，他们已经去过许多城市了。= They have been to many cities in the south up to now.
(2) without的意思是“无；没有”。它可以用来完成同义句的改写。
【例】Fish can’t live if there is no water. 鱼儿离不开水。= Fish can’t live without water.
(3) These satellites go round the earth and … 这些卫星围绕地球运行……
注意：客观存在的事实在表示一般过去时的句子中做宾语从句，依旧用一般现在时，表示客观真理。如：Our teacher told us that the sun is round.
7. Our knowledge of the universe is growing all the time. 我们对宇宙的认识一直在增长。
(1) knowledge是know的名词形式，作“知识；学问”讲，是不可数名词。one’s knowledge of…的意思是“对……的认识/了解。”knowledge 的前面若有定语修饰，可与a连用，表示“对……某种程度的了解”。
【例】Your knowledge of English is weak. He has a good knowledge of study.
你的英语知识较差。他对学习很在行。
(2) grow作及物动词时，表示“种植”；作不及物动词时，表示“生长；成长；增长；发展；渐渐变成”等意思。
【例】Chinese people are growing more trees to protect their environment．Those trees are growing well．中国人民正在种更多的树以保护环境。那些树长得很好。
She has grown into a pretty girl．But she grows older and older as well．
她长成了一个漂亮的姑娘。但她同时（年纪）也变得越来越大了。
(3) all the time的意思是“一直”，在句中作状语。
【例】We have been here all the time．我们一直都在这儿。
8. The world itself is becoming a much smaller place and people from different countries
now understand each other better. 世界的本身正变得更小，来自不同国家的人们彼此间能更好地相互了解。
反身代词itself在句中做主语the world 的同位语。
【例】Tom himself learns English day and night. I myself will go to the farm to help the farmers.
汤姆自己日日夜夜地学习英语。我自己也将去农场帮助农民。
9．Man-made satellites are about 8,000 kilometres away from the earth．
人造卫星离地球大约有八千公里远。
(1) 这是距离的一种表示方法，距离的表示方法还有：
It’s about 200 metres from my home to our school. = Our school is about 200 metres from my home.
从我家到学校大约有二百米。
The city is about two thousand kilometres by train (from here)．
（从这儿）乘火车去那座城市约有二千公里。
It’s two hours by plane from here to that city.
从这儿乘飞机到那座城市需要二小时。
The post office is about ten minutes’ walk from here．
从这儿步行去邮局大约要十分钟。
(2) earth, world与globe
1) earth作“地球”解，需加the。：
【例】We live on the earth. 我们生活在地球上。
The moon goes round the earth. 月亮围着地球转。
In the Middle Ages it was generally believed that the earth was the center of the universe.
中世纪时，一般人都相信地球是宇宙的中心。
Do you know what the earth satellite is?
你知道什么是地球卫星吗？
2) on earth 有两种意思：第一种含义等于in the world，用在不定词或疑问词what, who when, where, why, how的后面，作强调语。
【例】No force in the world / on earth can hold back the wheel of history.
没有任何力量可以阻止历史车轮的前进。
What on earth/in the world is the matter there?
那里究竟发生了什么事情？
Where in the world/on earth can he be?
他到底在哪儿呢？
He didn’t know how in the world/on earth to answer．
他不知道究竟如何回答。
第二种含义：on earth表示“在世界上，在人间”，不用冠词，在这个意义上，on earth等于in the world。
【例】China is one of the greatest nations on earth/in the world．
中国是世界上最伟大的国家之一。
She must be the happiest woman on earth/in the world．
她一定是天底下最幸福的女性。
3）world是“世界”，兼指“全世界的人”。
【例】The whole world is hoping that there will be a lasting peace．
全世界都希望有一个持久的和平。
Egyptian civilization is among the oldest in the world．
埃及文化是世界上最古老的文化之一。
This is an event that shook the world．
这是震撼世界的事件。
4）包含world，earth的短语。
【例】the world to come 来世
bring…into the world 生孩子
before the world 公然地
give to the world 出版，发表
take earth （狐等）逃入洞内
break earth 破土动工
bring sb back to earth 使某人回到现实
5）globe是“地球”，它与earth不一样。 earth谈的是人类所居住的行星，而globe强调形状圆球等。
【例】Now it will take us only a few days to circle the globe by air．
现在我们乘飞机只需几天的工夫就可以绕地球一周。
（这里强调的是：globe圆形，球状体的地球）
a terrestrial globe 地球仪
a celestial globe 天体仪
10．How many kilometres by train is it from Nanjin
g to Wuhan?
从南京到武汉乘火车有多远？
这是一个问两地距离的句型。it 代表距离，from … to 表示“从某处到某处”。
How many kilometres by air is it from Shanghai to Beijing ?
it在句中指代“路程”，同时，它也可以指代“时间，天气，人物”等。
It is colder in Hefei than in Wuhu. 合肥比芜湖冷。（it指气候）
What time is it by your watch? 你的表上是几点钟了？（it指时间）
It is Mike speaking. 我就是Mike. （it指人物）
还有一种询问距离的句型，它不是具体地问有多少公里，而是问“有多远”。句中直接用地名作主语，不用 it 作形式主语。
【例】— How far away is Sydney from Beijing ? 悉尼离北京有多远?
— Sydney is 10, 400 kilometres away from Beijing . 悉尼离北京是10，400公里远。
教学建议二
英语构词法浅析
英语最常见的构词有三种方法：转化，合成，派生。这里我们着重向同学们介绍合成法：
即把两个或更多的词合在一起组成新词（合成名词，合成形容词）。
1）合成名词
名词 + 名词。例如：
hand +bag = handbag 手提包
school + boy = schoolboy 男学生
moon +cake = mooncake 月饼
rail + way = railway 铁路
形容词 + 名词。例如：
black + bar= blackboard黑板 dead + line= deadline最后期限
high + way= highway公路 blue + prints= blueprints蓝图
动名词 + 名词。例如：
post +card = postcard 明信片 play +ground = playground 操场
reading + room =reading-room阅览室 work +place = workplace 操作间
副词 + 名词。例如：
out + break = outbreak 爆发 over + coat = overcoat 大衣
down + fall = downfall下台 up + shot = upshot 结果
介词 + 名词。例如：
after +noon = afternoon 下午
to +day = today 今天
名词 + 介词短语。例如：
editor + in + chief = editor -in -chief 总编辑
comrade + in + arms = comrade -in -arms 战友
father + in + law= father-in-law岳父
sister + in + law =sister -in - law嫂子
2）合成形容词
形容词 + 名词。例如：
new + type = new –type 新式的 bare + foot = bard-foot 光脚的'
形容词 + 形容词。例如：
bitter + sweet = bitter-sweet 又苦又甜的
blue + black = blue-black 蓝黑色的
形容词 + 分词。例如：
fresh + looking = fresh-looking 新鲜的
ready + made = ready-made 现成的
名词 + 分词。例如：
peace + loving = peace -loving 爱好和平的
man + made = man-made 人造的
数词 + 名词 + ed。例如：
three + legged = three-legged 三条腿的，三只脚的
two + faced = two-faced 两面派的。
形容词 + 名词 + ed。例如：
open + minded = open- minded 胸襟开阔的
white + haired = white- haired 白发苍苍的
7-11单元语法项目复习列表
动词不定式（The Infinitive）
做宾语，如：He wanted to be an inventor. 他想成为一名发明家。
做宾语补足语，如：Tell her to turn it down. 告诉她将音量关小点儿。
做状语, 如：Later he left home to work in different cities. 后来他离开家在别的地方工作了。
和疑问词连用，如：I don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪里。
定语，如：I must buy a pen to write with. 我必须得买只钢笔用。
主动语态与被动语态(The Active Voice And The Passive Voice)
一般现在时的被动语态，如：It is used for cooking. 它是做饭用的。
一般过去时的被动语态，如；Was it made in China? 它是中国制造的吗？
情态动词的被动语态，如：More trees must be planted. 我们还要栽更多的树。
数词（Measurement）
It is ten kilometers long / wide / deep / high.
Beijing is about five hundred kilometers from here.
教学建议三
关于阅读课文的教学建议
本单元第46课是一篇题为“The universe and man-made satellites”的课文，是一篇科技小品。为了引起学生的阅读兴趣，建议让学生带着问题有目的地进行阅读，或在阅读前让学生猜测课文内容，然后再阅读课文，证实他们的猜测。具体做法是：
l．学生们讨论以下问题，并试着回答这些问题。
What do we mean when we talk about the universe?
Why can’t many stars be seen?
How far is the moon away from the earth?
Has the moon been visited by man already?
Have any man-made machines travelled farther than the moon? What are they?
What do you know about the universe?
Why do we say the world itself is becoming smaller and smaller?
2．或者教师根据每个自然段内容，设置如下概括性问题：
1) What do we mean when we talk about the universe?
2) Do you know anything about the moon? Try to say something about it.
3) What is a man-made satellite? Whats it used for?
4) Please say something about peoples knowledge of the universe.
教师可将学生们的回答简单地板书在黑板的一侧。然后让他们打开书阅读课文。
学生们阅读后，教师带着他们验证猜测。在这个过程中，实际上教师是在让学生熟悉本课的大意，并接触课文中的句型和词语。教师在黑板的另一侧板书课文中的关键词，与学生们的猜测答案相对照。下一步让学生逐段复述课文。反复数次后，让学生做根据课文某段所改编的完形填空题。如：
The universe means the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and the space ______ them. Many of the stars are so ______ away that we ______ see them.
The moon, our ______, travelled ______ the earth. It has been visited _____ man in spaceships.
Man-made ______ have been sent up ______ space by many countries. They go ______ the earth. They are used for helping us to learn more ______ the earth, the weather and other things. They are also used for sending and ______ messages. It makes people ______ different countries understand each other better. So people say the world
itself is becoming a much ______ place. People call the small place “the global village”.
Answers:
between, far, can not, satellite, round, by, satellites, into, round, about, receiving, from, smaller
学生在做这个练习答案的过程中，即复习了本课的词语，又掌握了与课文内容相关的新表达方式。这样他们完成其他练习也就不难了。教师可继续让他们将这个练习中的语句与课文作比较，找出异同，例如：
1) 课文—Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.
练习—Many of the stars are so far away that we cannot see them.
2) 课文—The moon travels round the earth. It is our satellite.
练习—The moon, our satellite, travels round the earth.
在这种比较过程中，学生又一次熟悉了课文内容及词语，特别是被动语态的用法。与此同时也锻炼了他们的思维能力，认识到英语语言表达灵活的特点，为下一步第48课的词汇教学做好辅垫。
关于数字表达方法的教学建议
在教授第47课时，为了给学生创造更多的机会，教师可提供火车列车时刻表中全国各主要城市间的距离表或世界各地航空路程表，将其放大制成挂图，贴在黑板上。可先根据 Practise的内容，让学生做快速的连锁问答，使他们熟悉句型和数字，并达到脱口而出的熟练程度。然后练习Ask and answer可的材料。其中的重要句型是：
1 ) How many kilometres by train is it from… to…?
2) How far away is…from…?
3) What about …?
教师要求学生用自己的词填入空缺的部分，这样可以造出许多句子，而且还可以复习或预习课文中出现的词语。例如：
1 ) How many li by air is it from … to…?
2) How far away is the earth from the moon?
3) What about other planet?
练习表示数量的方式有许多种，例如教师将一摞书带到课堂上，让学生猜每本书的页数。
做这样的对话：
T: How many pages do you think this book has?
SI: I think about 120.
T: No. The number is too small.
S2: What about 500?
T: Oh, thats too big.
S3: How about 250?
T: Thats quite right. 265.
在初中英语第一册和第二册中，我们已经陆续学习了数字的用法，教师可帮助学生回忆它们的念法，并做快速连锁问答。还可就长度、高度、重量等做问答，例如：How long is the Yellow River? How heavy is your bag? How tall/high is that tree?等等。
关于词语及对话练习的教学建议
本单元的生词大部分出现在阅读课文之中。而针对词汇的练习主要由48课的2和3两部分组成。即构词法的部分知识和有关选择电视节目的对话及词语练习。
首先，在教学构词法知识时，教师可采取提供部分例词，要求学生通过观察自己总结出构词规则的方式，让学生对构词法知识的认识从感性认识上升到理性认识，从而印象深刻， 记忆牢固。
现根据构词法将第一册到第三册中出现的有关单词归类如下：
复合名词：afternoon basketball bedroom birthday blackboard bookseller bookshop breakfast classmate classroom day-time doorbell Englishman fireplace football gate-keeper gateman grandparents granddaughter grandson handbag headache headmaster headteacher hometown homework housework kilometre know-all loudspeaker mooncake motorbike northeast northwest
pencil-box penfriend photograph playground policeman postcard railway reading-room shopkeeper southeast southwest spaceship sunrise sunshine teapot teamwork volleyball weekday
名词变形容词：interesting surprising northern southern woolen
动词变名词（结尾-er/or）：
cleaner driver inventor keeper teacher speaker traveller visitor worker
其次，提供讨论选择电视或电台节目的对话的教学过程（）。
建议教师先向学生展示电视和电台节目表，如下表：
TV: 1. Programme for Children Radio: 1. Music World
2. 9—part Series: Family (2) 2. News Report
3. China Reports 3. Foreign Languages Magazine
4. Series: Women 4. Window on Chinese History
5. Chinese Programmes for Foreigners
6. Music Bridge
7. Basketball Match (Beijing Vs Henan)
将主要句型提供给学，如下：
1) Which TV/radio programme shall we watch/listen to?
2) Which TV/radio programme do you think is more interesting/enjoyable?
3) Well, I dont think any of them is interesting/enjoyable.
4) I think I shall …instead.
5) Why dont you go and … instead?
6) Good idea. That is much better than … /…is better than…
学生看表进行对话练习。按全班、半班、两人小组操练句型，直至熟练为止。建议教师依靠表格和角色扮演等手段，让学生先口头熟悉对话内容，并采取各种形式进行口头操练，然后再据此完成不同的笔头练习。教师应鼓励学生积极思维，创造性地编出不同的对话。例如：
1) A: Which TV programme shall we watch? I cant decide.
B: Which do you think is more interesting?
A: Well, I think the children’s programme is more enjoyable.
B: Which channel is it on?
A: It is usually found on Channel 3. Try that.
B: Ive tried that. But I cant get it.
2) A: What are you doing?
B: Im trying to find our favourite TV programme—sports.
A: Have you got it yet?
B: No. I dont know which channel it is on.
A: It must be on Channel 14. Try that.
B: OK . But this is not sports.
A: Well, I dont think any of the programmes is interesting. I think I shall listen to the radio instead. Why dont you join me? It must be more enjoyable.
Lesson 45 教学设计示例
Period: The First Period
Content: Lesson 45
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector; Objects.
Teaching Objectives: the Passive Voice, be used for doing
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Check homework.
III. Leading in
Revise the Passive Voice again. Take out some objects to ask and answer.
What’s this in English?
What’s it made of?
Where was it made?
Do you want to buy a …?
IV. Presentation
Ask the individual: Do you have a computer? Does Laura have a computer? Where was it made? Listen to the tape or watch the flash and answer the questions, then read and act it out.
V. Practice
Part 2. Discuss the model with the students. Point out that “by people” is usually omitted.
Do the first one with the whole class as an example, then let the students work on their own, write down the answers in their exercise books. Check the answers with the whole class. Explain the new words and expressions.
1. put… into
Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
2. point at
He is pointing at the map.
3. information: news
VI. Writing
Let the students practise this structure: be used for doing.
Show pictures: satellite, universe
Then let the students make sentences in their exercise books, Finally, check the answers with the whole class.
VII. Exercise in class
Fill in the blanks:
1. The moon travels round the earth. It’s our ___________.
2. There must be ___________ wrong with the radio.
3. She ___________ me a letter last week.
4. Sheep are ___________ by farmers for producing wool and meat.
5. Most of us are ___________in English. ( interested)
VIII. Homework
1. Finish off the workbook.
2. Make five sentences using “be used for doing”.
Lesson 46 教学设计示例
Period: The Second Period
Content: Lesson 46
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector; Pictures.
Teaching Objectives:
1. Understand the text.
2. Revise different verb tenses.
Language Focus:
1. The useful expressions: so far, with one’s help, thanks to.
2. The Present Perfect Tense.
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Revise the dialogue in Lesson 45.
III. Leading in
Show some pictures that introduce the sun, the moon, the earth, space, spaceship, satellite, universe, etc.
Ask the students to look at the pictures and say: Look, this is a satellite. Today we are going to read about it. The title of the passage is “The Universe and Man - made satellite”. Watch the video about satellite and speak out what a satellite is.
After watching, let the students discuss the questions for a while. Get them to give the explanations in English.
For instance: A satellite goes round the earth. The moon is a satellite of the earth. There are many man-made satellites in the space too. Then explain that man-made is an adjective meaning made by people. “Man” in this text means “the human race”.
IV. Reading
Get the students to look at the questions below:
What do we mean when we talk about the universe?
Why can’t many stars be seen?
How far is the moon away from the earth?
Has the moon been visited by man already?
Have any man-made machines travelled farther than the moon? What are they?
What do you know about the universe?
Why do we say the world itself is becoming smaller and smaller?
Read the passage carefully and discuss the answers in pairs. Finally check the answers with the whole class.
Give the students some more background information about spaceships without people: Some spaceships have been sent to visit different planets, such as Mars, Venus and Jupiter.
Ask the students to write down the answers in the exercise books. The suggested answer to the last question is: With the help of the man-made satellites, it is easy for different countries to send and receive messages. We can also use satellites to help us make telephone calls to foreign countries.
V. Practice
Play Speech Cassette or video for the students to listen or watch. For the second time, let the students repeat after it, at last, the students can read the pass
age at the same time while playing the sounds.
Give the students some free time to practice reading aloud. Then ask some of them to read in class. Check their reading. Explain:
so far: We have learned 2000 words so far.
With one’s help: With the teachers help, he caught up with the other students.
Knowledge: Our knowledge of the USA is not so good.
Thanks to: Thanks to Tom’s help, we finished the work on time.
VI. Do Exercise below:
The universe means the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and the space ______ them. Many of the stars are so ______ away that we ______ see them.
The moon, our ______, travelled ______ the earth. It has been visited _____ man in spaceships.
Man-made ______ have been sent up ______ space by many countries. They go ______ the earth. They are used for helping us to learn more ______ the earth, the weather and other things. They are also used for sending and ______ messages. It makes people ______ different countries understand each other better. So people say the world itself is becoming a much ______ place. People call the small place “the global village”.
The answers: between, far, can not, satellite, round, by, satellites, into, round, about, receiving, from, smaller
VII. Consolidation
Read the passage again, ask the students to find sentences what replace those in text.
1) Text —Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.
Exercise —Many of the stars are so far away that we cannot see them.
2) Text —The moon travels round the earth. It is our satellite.Exercise —The moon, our satellite, travels round the earth.
VIII. Homework
1.Fill in the blanks。
Man-made s ________ have been s ________ up into space by many countries. They can be used for sending and r ________ messages. For example, w ________ their help, China can send its TV and radio p ________ to the other side of the w ________. We can also use them to help us m ________ telephone, calls to f ________ countries. T ________ to them, the world itself is becoming a much s ________ place and people from different countries. Now u ________ each other better.
2. Let the students retell the text.
3. Make six sentences using the Present Perfect Tense.
Lesson 47 教学设计示例
Period: The Third Period
Content: Lesson 47
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector.
Teaching Objectives: Revise the distance and dialogues.
Language Focus: the modal verbs, numbers.
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Revise the text and ask some students to read their retellings in class. Then practise the Present -Perfect Tense.
III. Leading in
Get the students to look at the Exercise
1 ) How many kilometres by train is it from… to…?
2) How far away is…from…?
3) What about …?
Tell the students to read the model question. Let them understand this exercise, then get the students to ask and answer in pairs. Finally check the answers with the whole class.
IV. Practice
Part 2. Let the students look at the diagram, It tells us the distance between cities. Let’s look at the model first.
A: How many kilometres by train is it from Nanjing to Wuhan?
B: 1229. ( One thousand two hundred and twenty nine)
A: How many kilometres is it from Kunming to Shanghai?
B: 2677. How many....?
Ask the whole class some questions about the distance. Make sure the students can say numbers correctly. Then divide them into small groups to make up questions. At last, report their work in class.
V. Acting
Let the students read Part 3 silently. Ask them to practise in pairs. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
VI. Workbook
For Exercise 1, ask and answer in pairs.
For Exercise 3. Get the students to read over the sentences and fill in the blanks.
The answers are: was ...repaired, began, make, was told, got, decided, received, found, would be repaired
Exercises in class
Change the following sentences into Passive Voice
1. Bruce writes a letter to his parents every week.
2.Lilei mended the broken kite this morning.
3.1 must buy a Christmas present for Mr Green.
4. Li Ming cant finish the homework on time.
5. We should water the flowers twice a day.
VI. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
Lesson 48 教学设计示例
Period: The Fourth Period
Content: Lesson 48
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector.
Teaching Objectives:
1. Learn how to build words.
2. Practise listening.
Language Focus:
1. Word formation
2. the Passive Voice
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Go through some pairs to act out their dialogues written in the exercise books.
III. Listen
Ask the students to read through the questions of Exercise I in the workbook, ask them to guess the answers before listening. Then listen carefully, check the answers with each other. Listen again and repeat. Answers: 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.C
IV. Word building
Explain that in English, we can make new words by combining two words together for example:
Class + room = classroom, home + work = homework, police + man = policeman
Let the students think of other examples they have learnt. Then look at Exercise 2 in the wordbook, read through the list. Make sure the students can understand the meaning of the words. Pay attention, in American English “woolen” and “traveler” are spelt as “woolen” and “traveled”
V. Practice
Part 2. Divide the students into two groups to practise. Point out that “Which do you think is more interesting? = Which programme (of the two) is more interesting?” And the use of shall to express a decision in I think I shall read a book instead. Get the students to practise all the dialogues. Make up as many as they can. Then act it out in class.
VI. Acting
Let the students read proverbs Exercise 4. Make the students understand the Chinese meaning. Ask them to practise them after class.
VII. Practice
Get the students to look at the Exercise 5 in the workbook and have a discussion.
Ask: What activities do you do every day? What activities do you like most? What activities do you like least? Then ask the students to practise in pairs.
VIII. Writing
Ask the students to look at the pictures, let them really understand the meaning of each picture. Collect some ideas and information. Share with the students. Then try to make up a short story and write it down.
After finishing writing, ask the students to check their partners work, then ask them to hand in their writings for marking.
IX. Workbook
Do Exercise 3, ask the students to find compound words.
For Exercise 6, do it with the whole class. The answers are:
1. put up 2. put. . . away 3. put on 4. put. . . down
5. Put up 6. Put. . . on 7. put down
Exercises in class
Rewrite the following sentences in another way.
1.I dont like watching TV, she doesn’t like it, either.
________ I ________ she _________ watching TV.
2. We should deal with the problem more carefully.
The problem ________ ________ ________ with more carefully _______ ________.
3. The buses were made in the factory.
They ________ the buses in the factory.
4. Talking in class is wrong.
It _________ right _________ _________in class.
Answers: 1. Neither…nor, likes 2. should be dealed, by us 3. made 4. isn’t, to talk
X. Homework
1. Prepare for the exam.
2. Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
探究活动
读文谈感受
读下面关于时间的小资料，然后谈一谈自己的感受。
A punctual(守时的) person is in the habit of doing a thing at the proper time and is never late in keeping an appointment.
The unpunctual man, on the other hand, never does what he has to do at the proper time. He is always in a hurry and in the end loses both time and his good name. There is a proverb(
谚语) which says, Time flies never to be recalled(召回). This is very true. A lost thing may be found again, but lost time can never be regained. Time is more valuable than material things. In fact time is life itself, and the unpunctual man is for ever wasting and mismanaging his most valuable asset(财产) as well as others. The unpunctual man is always complaining that he finds no time to answer letters, or return calls or keep appointments promptly. But the man who really has a great deal to do is very careful of his time and seldom complains of want of it. He knows that he can not get through his immense amount of work unless he faithfully keeps every appointment promptly and deals with every piece of work when it has to be attended to.
用英语复述
读下面的小文章，试着用英语复述。
你旅行时在时间上会发生很多奇怪的事，因为地球分为24个时区，一区相差一小时。有些天可能多于或少于24小时，有些星期可能多于或少于7天。
如果你用五天时间横渡大西洋，你乘的船每天都进入一个不同的时区。你进入每一时区，时间就改变一小时。向西行，你把钟往后拨；向东行，则往前拨。你旅行的每一天都有25或23小时。
如果你乘船横渡太平洋，你就会越过国际日期变更线。根据协议，这是新一天开始的地方。你越过该线，就得把你的日历向后或向前改动一整天。向东行，今天变成了昨天；向西行，今天变成了明天！
参考答案：
Strange things happen to time when you travel, because the earth is divided into twenty-four time zones(时区), one hour apart. You can have days with more or fewer than twenty-four hours, and weeks with more or fewer than seven days.
If you make a five-day drip across the Atlantic Ocean(大西洋)，your ship enters a different time zone every day. As you enter each zone, the time changes one hour. Traveling west, you set your clock back; traveling east, you set it ahead. Each day of your trip has either twenty-five or twenty-three hours.
If you travel by ship across the Pacific(太平洋)， you cross the international date line(国际日期变更线). By agreement, this is the point where a new day begins. When you cross the line, you change your calendar one full day, backward or forward. Traveling east, today becomes yesterday; traveling west, it is tomorrow!
总结如何来做笔记
先在课堂上讨论如何做笔记和如何使用笔记。把主要的结论写在黑板上，让学生选出一条结论在课后进行扩写，一句话或两句话即可，可使用字典等工具书，内容要有生词、主从句、动词不定式、被动语态等语法项目。第二天或第在下节课上出示范句。
范句：
字迹清楚
Accurate, legible(字迹清楚的) notes are invaluable(非常宝贵的) aids to the student who is enrolled in a lecture course.
不但在听讲时,还在课前预习课文时
Notes should be taken during lectures, and when the student is reading the texts prior to each session of the course.
能听进很多内容，只记下教师所讲内容的要点
The key to good note-taking is to be able to listen a lot and to write only as much as is needed to record the essence(精华) of a point or idea presented by the lecturer.
辨别出主要论点和意见，并记下其概要
Students should endeavor(努力去) to identify only the main points and ideas being presented and to write them down in outline(概要) form.
力争把笔记第一次记好
Students should also strive(力争) to take good notes the first time and not plan to recopy notes - or to do so only when clarity and conciseness demand it
再把笔记复习
Students should review their notes for about five minutes on the same day that they take them, and go over them again for about half an hour at least once a week, according to a regular schedule or plan.
There is no course syllabus(大纲) to be memorized; instead, the examination will be based on the material presented in the lectures and textbooks.
总结复习的重要性
组织学生们用英语来讲一讲复习的重要性。教师根据学生们提出的想法及时进行总结。
参考资料
Most forgetting takes place immediately after learning. An hour after studying or learning something new, more than 50% has been forgotten. After one month 80% has been forgotten and so on.
This shows that review is very important. If you review new material you have learnt, you remember much more. Its important to review newly learnt material a little and often. Its also necessary to have frequent breaks(间歇). We best remember what we learn at the beginning of a learning period and at the point where we stop. After the break, its necessary to review what was learnt before the break - and then to continue learning the new material.
Other experiments have shown that the brain needs time to digest what has been learnt. The time necessary for this is 5 to 10 minutes. After a break of this time the memory will have absorbed what it has just learnt, and more will be remembered.
