众所周知,谚语乃是一种语言的精华,寓意深刻,表达隽永。在考研写作中如能适当地引用一些谚语,可以为文章增辉添彩。一些同学在平时的学习中积累了一些谚语,但在写作时不知道该如何将它们恰当地引用到文章中去,本文拟根据近年来《纽约时报》引用谚语的情况,总结出英语中常见的引用谚语的地道表达法,供同学们写作时模仿使用。
谚语在英语中叫proverb,引用时经常会在其前面酌情加上old, Chinese, English, Russian之类的形容词;动词一般用go, say, state, has it, put it等,在这些动词后面用逗号或冒号皆可。谚语可加双引号(这时谚语的第一个字母要大写),也可不加双引号(这时第一个字母一般不大写)。引用谚语的表达方式常见的有如下十种:
1) A proverb goes / says, ---
2) As a / the proverb goes / says, ---
A Yiddish proverb goes, “Better to lose with a wise man than win with a fool.”
有一句依地语谚语说得好,“宁输智者,不赢傻子。”(August 14, 2000)
A proverb says, “Medicine cures the man who is fated not to die.
有一句谚语说,“命不该死有药救。”(July 16, 2009)
As a Chinese proverb goes, “Don’t climb a tree to look for fish.”
正如中国的一句谚语所说,“不要缘木求鱼。”(April 24, 2000)
As the old Chinese proverb says, “If you do not enter a tiger’s den, you cannot get her cubs.”
正如中国的一句谚语所说,“不入虎穴,焉得虎子。”(November 15, 1993)
3) As a / the proverb has it / puts it,
4) A proverb has it that ---
As a Spanish proverb has it, “Flies don’t enter a closed mouth.”
正如一句西班牙谚语所说,“祸从口入。”(July 26, 1992)
As a Navajo proverb puts it, “What comes around goes around.”
正如纳瓦霍族的一句谚语所说,“一报还一报。”(May 28, 1987)
As a local proverb here in Chad puts it: A woman who is pregnant has one foot in the grave.
正如乍得当地的一句谚语所说:女人怀宝宝,鬼门关上走一遭。(March 20, 2004)
An old proverb has it that “if the thorn doesn’t scratch when it first emerge, it will never scratch.”
有一句古老的谚语说,“如果荆棘刚长出时不扎手,那么它就永远不扎手。”(March 26, 2006)
5) There is a proverb: ---
6) There is a / the proverb that goes / states, ---
There’s an African proverb: “Educate a boy, and educate an individual. Educate a girl, and you educate a community.”
有一句非洲的谚语说:“教育好一个男孩,仅教育好一人。教育好一个女孩,则教育好一群人。”(August 19, 2009)
There’s a Russian proverb that goes: you must support the most talented people because untalented people will support themselves.
有一句俄罗斯谚语说,你须拥戴贤人,庸者仅会自顾。(December 31, 1995)
There is an old Jewish proverb that states: “A Shekel is always better in my pocket than in yours. “
有一句古老的犹太谚语说:“金币在我口袋里总比在你口袋里强。”(August 10, 2009)
7) ---, a / the proverb goes, ---
8) ---, goes a / the proverb, ---
“A river is deep,” an old African proverb goes, “because of its source.”
有一句古老的.非洲谚语说,河有源泉水才深。(September 24, 2008)
To kill a snake, goes an old African proverb, you must first crush the head.
有一句古老的非洲谚语说,打蛇先打头。(September 22, 1985)
9) --- have a proverb that goes, ---
10) There exists a proverb. It goes, ---
The Arabs have a proverb that goes, “When the sultan’s dog died, everyone marched in his funeral. But when the sultan himself died, no one marched at all. “
阿拉伯人有一句谚语是这样说的,“当苏丹的狗死了,人人都为之送葬。而当苏丹死了,却无人为之送葬。”(November 27, 1983)
There exists an old Soviet proverb. It goes, “In the monastery, you don’t offer your own view.”
有一个古老的俄罗斯谚语说,“。”(May 17, 1984)
谚语作为群众集体智慧的结晶,多具有鲜明的民族性和地域特色。由于中西文化的差异,一些在汉语中人们耳熟能详的谚语却未必为西方人所理解。所以在引用汉语谚语时,如果中国特色过于浓厚,则可舍其形而取其意,写成英语中与之意思对等的西方谚语。例如,有的同学想表达这个意思:本性难移,于是写道:As a Chinese proverb goes, a dog cannot change its habit of eating shit. 这样写不但失之粗鄙,还会让爱犬的西方人大惑不解。所以,这个意思宜写成A leopard cannot change its spots. 或者A fox may grow gray, but never good.
1、题和立意凡
2、标题和段落标题是文章的眼睛,也是阅卷老师对文章的第一印象,特别是自拟题目写作,阅卷老师很看重考生所拟的标题。俗话说:“秧好一半谷,题好一半文”,可见题目的重要性。有些考生先写正文再拟标题,文章写好后也许是没有时间写标题,也许是忘了补写标题。虽然评分规定无标题扣2分,但实际结果却远非2分。有人曾做过这样的实验,将几篇写得较好的作文,按保留标题和隐去标题两种类型请两组老师分别予以阅卷,其分数差别一般都在5分以上。这是因为阅卷老师对无标题作文产生了一种心理距离,不知不觉便降低了分数等级。至于如何拟题,我觉得应做到这样几条:①确切。指符合文章内容,也指遣词造句符合规范)。②精练。指标题字数恰当。③生动。指题目能体现出一种活力,具有可读性,饶有情趣。④新颖。指有新视角、新思路、新感悟,能够给人一种新鲜感。⑤有意蕴。指有内在的含义。拟题方法多种多样,可以运用修辞拟题,可以引用俗语拟题,可以化用古语拟题,可以借用成语拟题,可以套用流行语拟题,也可以巧用其他学科公式或符号拟题等等,考生可以根据自己的情况灵活运用。段落:
3、文体和内容高考作文试题对文体的要求有两类:一类是规定必须写某种文体,如“写一篇议论文”;另一类是排除写某种文体,如“除
4、开头和结尾应试作文的开头结尾,就是文章的刀刃。平时在课内外所学的各种开头结尾的方法完全可以用在应试作文上。不管你使用什么方法开头和结尾,必须做到开头起笔入题,结尾点明主旨。为了给评卷老师一个好的印象,开头结尾千万不要涂抹。有道是:良好的开端是成功的一半。可有些考生犯“入题慢”的毛病:有的把大段的原材料全部照搬;有的把本来简洁的原材料进行扩展;有的开篇摆材料,古今中外,慢慢道来。开篇松散,占去了大量的篇幅,后面的真正应该说的内容却“千呼万唤不出来”,有的只是一笔带过,草草收兵,比例严重失调,使老师难以衡量其实际写作水平。古人写文章讲究“凤头”、“猪肚”、“豹尾”,这是有一定道理的。可有些考生作文来不及刹尾,或用一句话硬断,或点上一串省略号,这样即使你雕出了“凤头”,壮大了“猪肚”,也会因为没有“豹尾”而不成其好文章,得不到高分。阅卷老师衡量一篇文章的好坏,首先是看其整体。所以,考生交给老师的无论如何也应是一篇完整的作文。
5、语言和字数考试作文语言要规范准确,具有个性和活力。不要文白夹杂;不要使用别人看不懂的方言和词汇;少用长句多用短句;可引进部分时代新词汇,引用
6、书写和卷面近年高考作文评分标准中,书写都占相当的比分。一般不要求写得好看,但要求书写整齐易辨认,一笔一画清清楚楚,不写草字。标点符号书写也要规范,特别是格式要正确,句号、逗号、问号、叹号、顿号、分号不要出现在一行之首;引号、括号、书名号前半不出现在一行之末,可以在这些符号后面挤着写一个字;引号、括号、书名号后一半不出现在一行之首,可以把这些符号挤在上一行之末。省略号、破折号占两个格,不能断开,写不下时挤在一行之末。至于作文的卷面,正如人的容貌一样,给人的印象是重要的,尤其是高考作文,卷面整洁与否直接影响着阅卷老师的心理和情绪,书写工整,卷面清洁,让人一看心中先喜三分,其结果是可想而知的。
7、检查与修改考试作文试题和其他试题一样,做完后也需要认真检查,看有没有笔误的错别字,有没有不通顺的句子,有没有需要调整的内容。审查发现了错别字、错用了词语一定要修改过来,对于句段该删的要删掉,该增的要增补,只是要改得清楚、整洁,使人一目了然。不能因为修改而影响了卷面的整洁。
1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言 比如说:就我而言 As far as I concerned 2 It can be said with certainty that... +从句 可以肯定地说......
3.As the proverb says, 正如谚语所说的, 可以用来引用名言名句
4 .It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到,...
5 .Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...
6 .Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...
7 .Its hardly that... 这是很难的......
8 Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问,无可否认
9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…
10 .whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…
二.衔接句型
1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...
3 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore,+句子 ( 然而问题并非如此简单,所以……) 4 .But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是… it’s a pity that….遗憾的是。。。
5 In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... In spite of 尽管
6 .Further, we hold opinion that... 此外,我们坚持认为,...
7 .However , the difficulty lies in..+名词或者动名词 .然而,困难在于…
8.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样,我们要注意...
9 As it has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的… (可以用来对前面所说的话进行补充说明)
10.In this respect, 从这个角度上
11.However, 然而…
三.结尾句型
1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…
2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此,我们有理由相信…
3.All things considered,总而言之 = In a word=In conclusion
It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......
4.Therefore, in my opinion,因此,在我看来,
5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论…
6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是,....
7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论
8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来,如果……也许更好
四.举例句型
1. Here is one more example这里有不止一个的例子
2.Take … for example.就拿……为例子
五.常用于引言段的句型
1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…