宾语从句意义
语法是语言的组织规律，任何人在使用语言时，不管他是否学过语法，都须合乎语法。另外，总结语法本身的规律也能加深我们对语言的理解，让我们能够真正熟练地运用语言。（宾语：指一个动作（动词）的接受者，常置于动词之后，也有双宾语结构例句：he gave me a book，类似拥有me和book两个宾语的句子叫双宾语从句），在复合句中，由一个句子充当宾语，这个句子就叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句定义
置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。
宾语从句特点
宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成分，多数情况下可以省略。
whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。
如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it. 补充宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:
（1）动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.时态：1·主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时。 2·主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3·主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。
（2）宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.
He told that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他下一年上大学.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.
连接代词连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
Do you know who has won this game?你知道谁赢了这一局游戏吗?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该依靠谁.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
连接副词连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
（3）动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的.
部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?
动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
3.介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.
4.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure
I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
5.if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
①if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
②少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
④在不定式前只能用whether.如： I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
⑤避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
6.哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;当宾语从句较长时;当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;当宾语从句中的'主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时
宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?
宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.当主句为过去时的时候
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<老人与海>.
②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary.
③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转.
当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手
宾语从句，即：在主句中担当宾语的从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。 连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人）
1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。
2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…ornot结构中不能用if替换。
3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
注意：当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他三：判断时态情况：
1。主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况
2。主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时
1. The teacher told the children that the sun____ round. 【A. was B. is C. were D. are】
2. I believe that our team____ the basketball match.【 A. win B. won C. will win D. wins 】
3. I don’t know____ to visit the old man. 【A. whether B. if C. that D. who】 The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. 【A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where】
答：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个…”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as…“把…用作…whether + or not 宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后；
eg． Tell him which class you are in ． Do you know what he likes？
注：(1)主、从句时态一致： 主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时； He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需；
eg． He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时；
eg． He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect .
（2）否定前移，及完成反意问句； 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
eg． I don't think you are right ,are you ? I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?
（3）在表示建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）
eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard． He ordered that we should go out at once．
（4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置
eg．You may think it strange that he would live there．
（5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略
A．当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。
eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get bet?．
B．当it作形式宾语时
eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
C．当宾语从句前置时
eg．That our team will win，I believe．
宾语从句时态
主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
主句是一般过去时，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.[2]
宾语从句语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。即：连接代词/副词+陈述句语序。例句如下：
I don’t know what they are looking for.
Could you tell me when the train will leave?
Can you imagine what kind of man he is?
用法
宾语从句
宾语从句的连接词：that
结构：主语+谓语+宾语（陈述语序）
注意：
引导词为that ；
语序为v.+主语+谓语+由if、whether引导宾语从句；
主句为现在时 从句为任意时态。
从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether，和疑问词（what， how， where， when ...)。
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，
if和whether，whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。
关联代词
连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。
连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。
关联副词
连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。
例句：
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
注：宾语从句通常跟在名词或代词后面。
动宾从句
大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句。
部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句。
动词短语也可以带宾语从句，常见的这些词有：
make sure（确保）、make up one’s mind（下决心）、keep in mind（牢记）
可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe,think等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。
②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it（双宾语）这类动词主要有：hate,take,owe,have,see to.award,lend.hand,mail,offer,pass,pay,post,read,return,show,teach,tell
介宾从句
用whether之类的介词宾语从句。
用that,if引导的介词宾语从句，有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句。
形容+宾从句
有些形容词具有动词的含义，所以也可以带一个宾语从句；
例句：
I am sorry I am late.
I am glad that you can join us.
Are you sure his answer is right?
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有：sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
if与whether
if和whether在作“是否”理解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介词后一般不用if。
少数动词，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether。
whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。
在不定式前只能用whether。
一般“no matter”后表示“是否”用whether而不用if。
不省略引导词
存在以下情况时引导词that不可省略：
that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语。
宾语从句较长。
主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前。
主语谓语动词（包括非谓语动词）与宾语从句之间有插入语。
一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略。
宾语从句中的主语是this,that或those,these做主语的定语。
宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语。
宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句。
主语中的谓语动词是固定词组。
宾语从句有it做其先行词。
直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开。
that在从句中充当主语。
否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.我们通常称为否定前移。
时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
当主句为过去时
①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
④如果从句是一个客观真理，那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化
⑤当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时，不能按正常语序安排，经常将这类引导词置于句首
无论任何时候都为陈述语序.但也有部分口语提问例外 E.G:What's the matter?What's wrong with you?
定语从句例句名言
1. He, who knows nothing but pretends to know everything, is indeed a good-for-nothing. 不懂装懂,永世饭桶。
2. He that is ill to himself will be good to nobody. 人不自爱，焉能爱人？
3. He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑在最后, 谁笑得最好。
4. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. 从不犯错误的人一事无成。
5. He that can read and meditate will not find his evenings long or life tedious. 会读书思索的人不会感到长夜无聊或生活乏味。
6. He that gains time gains all things. 谁赢得时间，谁就赢得一切。
7. He is the best general who makes the fewest mistakes. ─Hamilton 错误犯得最少的将军就是最好的将军。──汉密尔顿
8. He who nothing questions, nothing learns. 什么也不问的人什么也学不到。
9. He that is master of himself will soon be master of others. 能自制者方能制人。
10. He that travels far knows much. 行万里者,见多识广。
11. He that cannot ask cannot live. 万事不求人,哪里能生存？
12. A friend is someone who knows all about you and still loves you. 朋友就是这样的人──他了解你的一切而仍然喜欢你。
13. All is not gold that glitters. 闪闪发光者，未必皆黄金。
14.All’s well that ends well. 结果好就一切都好。
15. God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。
16. Opportunity & luck always shows appreciation for those who are bold in struggling. 机遇和幸运总是垂青勇于奋斗的人。
17. It is the peculiarity of knowledge that those who really thirst for it always get it. 凡真正渴求知识者总能得之，这就是知识的独特之处。
18. Those who make most people happy are the happiest in the world. ─Karl Marx 能使大多数人幸福的.人是世界上最幸福的人。──卡尔·马克思
19. Those who find faults with others often lose their glamour. ─Gorky 爱找别人阴暗面的人，自己也常常失去魅力。──高尔基
20. He conquers twice, who upon victory overcomes himself. ─Francis Bacon 在获得胜利之后而能克制自己的人，获得了双重的胜利。 ──弗朗西斯·培根
定语从句
定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后（先行词）进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。在主句中充当定语成分。[1]被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。
定语 从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
含有定语从句的名言：
1.He, who knows nothing but pretends to knoweverything, is indeed a good-for-nothing. 不懂装懂,永世饭桶。
2.He that is ill to himself will be good tonobody. 人不自爱，焉能爱人?
3.He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑在最后, 谁笑得最好。
4.He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. 从不犯错误的人一事无成。
5.He that can read and meditate will not findhis evenings long or life tedious. 会读书思索的人不会感到长夜无聊或生活乏味。
6.He that gains time gains all things. 谁赢得时间，谁就赢得一切。
7.He isthe best general who makes the fewest mistakes. ─Hamilton 错误犯得最少的将军就是最好的'将军。──汉密尔顿
8.He who nothing questions, nothing learns. 什么也不问的人什么也学不到。
9.He that is master of himself will soon bemaster of others. 能自制者方能制人。
10.He that travels far knows much. 行万里者,见多识广。
11.He that cannot ask cannot live. 万事不求人,哪里能生存?
12.Afriend is someone who knows all about you and still loves you. 朋友就是这样的人──他了解你的一切而仍然喜欢你。
13.All is not gold that glitters. 闪闪发光者，未必皆黄金。
14.All’s well that ends well. 结果好就一切都好。
15.Godhelps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。
16.Opportunity & luck always showsappreciation for those who are bold in struggling. 机遇和幸运总是垂青勇于奋斗的人。
17.It is the peculiarity of knowledge that thosewho really thirst for it always get it. 凡真正渴求知识者总能得之，这就是知识的独特之处。
18.Those who make most people happy are thehappiest in the world. ─Karl Marx 能使大多数人幸福的人是世界上最幸福的人。──卡尔·马克思
19.Those who find faults with others often losetheir glamour. ─Gorky 爱找别人阴暗面的人，自己也常常失去魅力。──高尔基
20.He conquers twice, who upon victory overcomeshimself. ─Francis Bacon 在获得胜利之后而能克制自己的人，获得了双重的胜利。 ──弗朗西斯·培根
限制性和非限制性定语从句：
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2)当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
