英美文学试题
20xx年英美文学试题
20xx年英美文学试题
PARTONE(40POINTS)
I.MultipleChoice(40pointsinall,1foreach)
Selectfromthefourchoicesofeachitemtheonethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatement.Writeyourchoiceontheanswersheet.
1.ThemostsignificantideaoftheRenaissanceis（ ）.
A.humanismB.realismC.naturalismD.skepticism
2.Shakespeare’stragediesincludeallthefollowingexcept（ ）.
A.HamletandKingLearB.AntonyandCleopatraandMacbeth
C.JuliusCaesarandOthelloD.TheMerchantofVeniceandAMidsummerNight’sDream
3.Thestatement“Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability”opensoneofwell-knownessaysby
A.FrancisBaconB.SamuelJohnsonC.AlexanderPopeD.JonathanSwift
4.InHardy’sWessexnovels,thereisanapparent（ ）touchinhisdescriptionofthesimplethoughprimitiverurallife.
A.nostalgicB.humorousC.romanticD.ironic
5.Backbite,Sneerwell,andLadyTeazlearecharactersintheplayTheSchoolforScandalby（ ）.
A.ChristopherMarloweB.BenJonsonC.RichardBrinsleySheridanD.GeorgeBernardShaw
6.Ofallthe18thcenturynovelistsHenryFieldingwasthefirsttosetout,bothintheoryandpractice,towritespecificallya“（ ）inprose,”thefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.
A.tragicepicB.comicepicC.romanceD.lyricepic
7.Inhispoem“Tyger,Tyger,”WilliamBlakeexpresseshisperceptionofthe“fearfulsymmetry”ofthebigcat.Thephrase“fearfulsymmetry”suggests（ ）.
A.thetiger’stwoeyeswhicharedazzlinglybrightandsymmetricallysetB.thepoet’sfearofthepredator
C.theanalogyofthehammerandtheanvilD.theharmonyofthetwooppositeaspectsofGod’screation
8.“Whatishisname?”
“Bingley.”
“Ishemarriedorsingle?”
“Oh!Single,mydear,tobesure!Asinglemanoflargefortune;fourorfivethousandayear.Whatafinethingforourgirls!”
Theabovedialoguemustbetakenfrom（ ）.
A.JaneAusten’sPrideandPrejudiceB.EmilyBronte’sWutheringHeights
C.JohnGalsworthy’sTheForsyteSagaD.GeorgeEliot’sMiddlemarch
9.Theshortstory“Araby”isoneofthestoriesinJamesJoyce’scollection（ ）.
A.APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungManB.UlyssesC.FinnegansWakeD.Dubliners
10.WilliamWordsworth,aromanticpoet,advocatedallthefollowingexcept（ ）.
A.theusingofeverydaylanguagespokenbythecommonpeople
B.theexpressionofthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings
C.thehumbleandrusticlifeassubjectmatter
D.elegantwordingandinflatedfiguresofspeech
11.HerearetwolinestakenfromTheMerchantofVenice:“Notonthysole,butonthysoul,harshJew/Thoumak’stthyknifekeen.”Whatkindoffigurativedeviceisusedintheabovelines?
（ ）A.Simile.B.Metonymy.C.Pun.D.Synecdoche.
12.“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?”isanepigrammaticlineby（ ）.
A.J.KeatsB.W.BlakeC.W.WordsworthD.P.B.Shelley
13.Thepoemssuchas“TheChimneySweeper”arefoundinbothSongsofInnocenceandSongsofExperienceby
A.WilliamWordsworthB.WilliamBlakeC.JohnKeatsD.LordGordonByron
14.JohnBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgressisoftenregardedasatypicalexampleof（ ）.
A.allegoryB.romanceC.epicinproseD.fable
15.AlexanderPopestronglyadvocatedneoclassicism,emphasizingthatliteraryworksshouldbejudgedby（ ）rulesoforder,reason,logic,restrainedemotion,goodtasteanddecorum.
A.classicalB.romanticC.sentimentalD.allegorical
16.Inhisessay“OfStudies,”Baconsaid:“Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedand（ ）.”
A.skimmedB.perfectedC.imitatedD.digested
17.“ForIhaveknownthemallalready,knownthemall—/Haveknowntheevenings,mornings,afternoons,/Ihavemeasuredoutmylifewithcoffeespoons.”Theabovelinesaretakenfrom（ ）.
A.Wordsworth’s“TheSolitaryReaper”B.Eliot’s“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock”
C.Coleridge’s“KublaKhan”D.Yeats’s“TheLakeIsleofInnisfree”
18.(The)（ ）wasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.
A.RomanticismB.Humanism
C.EnlightenmentD.Sentimentalism19.AtypicalForsyte,accordingtoJohnGalsworthy,isamanwithastrongsenseof（ ）,whoneverpaysanyattentiontohumanfeelings.
A.moralityB.justiceC.propertyD.humor
20.ThetypicalfeatureofRobertBrowning’spoetryisthe（ ）.
A.bittersatireB.larger-than-lifecaricatureC.LatinizeddictionD.dramaticmonologue
21.GeorgeBernardShaw’splay,Mrs.Warren’sProfessionisagrotesquelyrealisticexposureofthe（ ）.
A.slumlandlordismB.politicalcorruptioninEngland
C.economicoppressionofwomenD.religiouscorruptioninEngland
22.ThestorystartingwiththemarriageofPaul’sparentsWalterMorelandMrs.Morelmustbe
A.ThomasHardy’sTessoftheD’UrbervillesB.D.H.Lawrence’sSonsandLovers
C.GeorgeEliot’sMiddlemarchD.CharlotteBronte’sJaneEyre
23.InAmericanliteraturethefirstimportantwriterwhoearnedaninternationalfameonbothsidesoftheAtlanticOceanis（ ）.A.WashingtonIrvingB.RalphWaldoEmersonC.NathanielHawthorneD.WaltWhitman
24.TheAmericannovelistNathanielHawthorneisknownforhis“blackvision.”Theterm“blackvision”refersto
A.Hawthorne’sobservationthateverymanfacesablackwall
B.Hawthorne’sbeliefthatallmenarebynatureevil
C.thatHawthorneemployedadreamvisiontotellhisstory
D.thatPuritansofHawthorne’stimeusuallyworeblackclothes
25.TheodoreDreiserwasoncecriticizedforhis（ ）instyle,butasatrueartisthisstrengthjustliesinthathisstyleisveryseriousandwellcalculatedtoachievethethematicendshesought.
A.crudenessB.eleganceC.concisenessD.subtlety
26.“Heisthelastoftheromanticheroes,whoseenergyandsenseofcommitmenttakehiminsearchofhispersonalGrail;hisfailuremagnifiestoagreatextenttheendoftheAmericanDream.”Thecharacterreferredtointhepassageismostlikelytheprotagonistof（ ）.
A.Fitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsbyB.Dreiser’sAnAmericanTragedy
C.Hemingway’sForWhomtheBellTollsD.Twain’sTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn
27.AlmostallFaulkner’sheroesturnedouttobetragicbecause（ ）.
A.allenjoyedlivinginthedecliningAmericanSouthB.noneofthemwasconditionedbythecivilizationandsocialinstitutionsC.mostofthemwereprisonersofthepastD.noneweresuccessfulintheirattempttoexplaintheinexplicable
28.Yank,theprotagonistofEugeneO’Neill’splayTheHairyApe,talkedtothegorillaandsetitfreebecause
A.hewasmad,mistakingabeastforahuman
B.hewastoldbythewhiteyoungladythathewaslikeabeastandhewantedtoseehowcloselyheresembledthegorillaC.hewascagedwiththegorillaafterheinsultedanaristocraticstroller
D.hecouldfeelthekinshiponlywiththebeast
29.In（ ）,RobertFrostcompareslifetoajourney,andheisdoubtfulwhetherhewillregrethischoiceornotwhenheisold,becausethechoicehasmadeallthedifference.
A.“AfterApple-Picking”B.“TheRoadNotTaken”C.“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”
D.“FireandIce”
30.ThoughWaltWhitmanandEmilyDickinsonwereromanticpoetsinthemeandtechnique,theydifferfromeachotherinavarietyofways.Foronething,whereasWhitmanlikestokeephiseyeonhumansocietyatlarge,Dickinsonoftenaddressessuchissuesas（ ）,immortality,religion,loveandnature.
A.progressB.freedomC.beautyD.death
31.TheRomanticWriterswouldfocusonallthefollowingissuesEXCEPTthe（ ）intheAmericanliteraryhistory.A.individualfeelingB.survivalofthefittestC.strongimaginationD.returntonature
32.Generallyspeaking,allthosewriterswithanaturalisticapproachtohumanrealitytendtobe（ ）.
A.transcendentalistsB.optimistsC.pessimistsD.idealists
33.WithHowells,James,andMarkTwainactiveontheliteraryscene,（ ）becamethemajortrendinAmericanliteratureintheseventiesandeightiesofthe19thcentury.
A.SentimentalismB.RomanticismC.RealismD.Naturalism
34.AmericanwritersafterWorldWarIself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywere(a)“（ ）,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromtheWesterncivilization.
A.LostGenerationB.BeatGenerationC.SonsofLibertyD.AngryYoungMen
35.In（ ）,WashingtonIrvingagreeswiththeprotagonistonhispreferenceofthepasttothepresent,andofadream-likeworldtotherealworld.
A.“YoungGoodmanBrown”B.“RipVanWinkle”C.“Rappaccini’sDaughter”D.“Bartleby,theScrivener”
36.HesterPrynne,Dimmesdale,ChillingworthandPearlaremostlikelycharactersin（ ）.
A.TheHouseoftheSevenGablesB.TheScarletLetterC.ThePortraitofaLadyD.ThePioneers
37.LikeNathanielHawthorne,（ ）alsomanagestoachievetheeffectofambiguitythroughsymbolismandallegoryinhisnarratives.
A.MarkTwainB.HenryJamesC.R.W.EmersonD.HermanMelville
38.Inhisrealisticfiction,HenryJames’sprimaryconcernistopresentthe（ ）.
A.innerlifeofhumanbeingsB.AmericanCivilWaranditseffects
C.lifeontheMississippiRiverD.Calvinisticviewoforiginalsin
39.WhichofthefollowingisNOTatypicalfeatureofMarkTwain’swritingstyle?（ ）
A.Simplevernacular.B.Localcolor.
C.Lengthypsychologicalanalyses.D.Richnessofironyandhumor.
40.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutE.Grierson,theprotagonistinFaulkner’sstory“ARoseforEmily,”isNOTtrue?（ ）
A.Shehasadistortedpersonality.B.Sheisphysicallydeformedandparalyzed.
C.SheisthesymboloftheoldvaluesoftheSouth.D.Sheisthevictimofthepastglory.
PARTTWO(60POINTS)
Ⅱ.ReadingComprehension(16points,4foreach)
ReadthequotedpartscarefullyandanswerthequestionsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.
41.“Wordsarelikeleaves;andwheretheymostabound,
Muchfruitofsensebeneathisrarelyfound”
Questions:
A.Identifythepoemandthepoet.B.Whatideadothetwolinesexpress?
42.“Tobesodistinguished,isanhonor,which,beingverylittleaccustomedtofavorsfromthegreat,Iknownotwellhowtoreceive,orinwhattermstoacknowledge.”
Questions:
A.Identifytheworkandtheauthor.B.Whatisthetoneofauthor?
43.“‘Faith!Faith!’criedthehusband.‘LookuptoHeaven,andresisttheWickedOne.’”
Questions:
A.Identifytheworkandtheauthor.B.Whatideadoesthequotedsentenceexpress?
44.“WepassedtheSchool,whereChildrenstrove
AtRecess—intheRing—
WepassedtheFieldsofGazingGrain—
WepassedtheSettingSun—”
Questions:A.Identifythepoemandthepoet.
B.Whatdo“theSchool,”“theFields”and“theSettingSun”standforrespectively?
Ⅲ.QuestionsandAnswers(24pointsinall,6foreach)
GivebriefanswerstoeachofthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.Writeyouranswersinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.
45.Asarule,andallegoryisastoryinverseorprosewithadoublemeaning:asurfacemeaning,andanimpliedmeaning.Listtwoworksasexamplesofallegory.Whatistheimpliedmeaninganallegoryisusuallyconcernedwith?
46.“Letitnotbesupposedbytheenemiesof‘thesystem,’thatduringtheperiodofhissolitaryincarceration,Oliverwasdeniedthebenefitofexercise,thepleasureofsociety,ortheadvantagesofreligiousconsolation.”
WhatdoyouthinkCharlesDickensintendstosayintheaboveironicstatementtakenfromOliverTwist?
47.Whitmanhasmaderadicalchangesintheformofpoetrybychoosingfreeverseashismediumofexpression.WhatarethecharacteristicsofWhitman’sfreeverse?
48.SomeofHemingway’sheroesareregardedastheHemingwaycodeheroes.Whateverthedifferencesinexperienceandage,theyallhavesomethingincommonwhichHemingwayvalues.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheHemingwaycodehero?
Ⅳ.TopicsforDiscussion(20pointsinall,10foreach)
Writenolessthan150wordsoneachofthefollowingtopicsinEnglishinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.
49.ElizabethBennet,theheroineinPrideandPrejudice,isoftenregardedasthemostsuccessfulcharactercreatedbyJaneAusten.MakeabriefcommentonElizabeth’scharacter.
50.TakeMarkTwain’sTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnasanexampletoillustratethestatementthatMarkTwainwasauniquewriterinAmericanliterature.
温馨小贴士：正确对待考研英语作文模板
快考研了，对于英语作文的复习，大家比较常用的方法就是背模板，来听听一些阅卷老师的看法：
一、作文模板要背,但不要背太多。关键是要准!老师是人,当然知道大家都是模板,不会因为这个难为大家。模板不是错,也没有歧视,但你连摸版都背不准,都背错,那就是你的不对了.我发现很多同学上下句不连贯,但都很优美,可见是拼接的,按本人经验,模版一个就可以对付大多数,问题是你要会用,而不是背一堆,又不准,同时还自己拼,那怎么能行?
二、考场上除非万不得已不要抄上面卷面上的句子。本人第一天连续发现4张卷子句子相同。上报组长,雷同卷,差点按0分处理,后来还好又发现类似卷子,原来都是从翻译抄下来的,0分终于避免了,但8分以下是跑不了了,欺骗老师啊~~~~
三、要有发光点,注意你是在考研,你让老师看到的是important,therebe,那就等着8分左右吧,好象中国学生最会的句子就是therebe,一片therebe,更郁闷的是,有人还把时态弄错了,那完了,祈祷吧！用词,要对的起研究生(Q吧)考试的水平啊,你就不能换点高级的词吗?
四、最重要的是每段开头.我算了一下,每份卷子,快的老师5秒,我差不多要10多秒。而且还要写两个名字,你觉得我能看到什么?首句!我们肯定不会乱改,但你要是在首句被我们看见低级词、低级句子、低级错误,那完了,这就决定你最终分数,就算你后面写的再好,也完了，前面是定性的,后面是定量的记得我的话!!!
五、多用难句,难词。要让我在枯燥的工作中惊艳,而且在5秒内,你就只有让我觉得,你很牛啊,从句子看出来,同时注意,不要写错！
六、一定要检查!特别是普通用法,要是普通用法错误,直接降一等,难的用法错了也就算了。你连therebe都错,那能怪老师吗?我给的2个高分被组长打回原形,就是因为有低级错误!不要出错!
七、字体优美!强烈建议练练字,能写斜体的就很好，至少多3分,不能写的,字写明白,否则,损失的不止3分。
八、从07年北京地区改卷来看,分数比较多的是在,7,8左右,要按文章要求写,文章第一段多是描绘,注意上下句衔接,同时要有铺垫,不要上来第一个词就是confidence,太突兀了,看了有点晕。
九、作文不用花太多时间,但不花时间绝对不行,还是我说的,三个方面
1:背熟一个模版并运用好
2:不出错误
3:让老师惊艳的词句,就差不多了。
十、小作文没改,不知道,不过似乎他们看的速度比我们快的多,为你们祈祷~~呵呵。
十一、补充,套话还是要学的。背一点,最后可以筹字数起码,用的好的话也是个闪光点。
十二、好象没什么了,记住相信老师,北京地区分数低,不是老师随意压分,是我们严格执行标准,你们能做的,是提高水平!
十句对你不客气的英语口语
10句对你不客气的英语口语
1.Justwaitandsee.Iwon'tletyougetawaywiththat.
咱们走着瞧。我不会让你得逞的。
2.You'llbesorry.
你会后悔的。
3.You'regonnagetwhat'scomingtoyou.
你会得到报应的。
4.Ifyou'relookingforafight,youdon'thavetolookfar.
如果你想找人打架的话，不用找太远。
5.Watchyourmouth.Doyouknowwhoyou'retalkingto?
说话客气一点。你知道你在跟谁说话吗？
6.I'llgetevenwithyousoonerorlater.
跟你的这笔账我迟早会要回来的。
7.Listen,you'vepickedthewrongpersontoquarrelwith.
听着，你找错吵架的对象了。
8.You'dbettertakethatback.
你最好收回那句话。
9.Youwanttotakeitoutside?Anytime!
你想到外头解决(干架)吗？随時奉陪！
10.Don'tmesswithme!/Don'tgetfreshwithme!
不要惹我！/给我放尊重一点！
英美文学作家作品
■英国部分
古英语OldEnglish450-1066<Beowulf
中世纪英语(文学)MedievalEnglish1066-middle14thcentury
乔叟GeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetry<TheCanterburyTalesfirsttimetouse'heroiccouplet'英雄体双行诗
文艺复兴(含义)TheRenaissance-rebirthorrevival
人文主义Humanism-theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing&theimportanceofthepresentlife
1.斯宾塞EdmundSpenser-thepoets'poet<TheFaerieQueen诗人中的诗人《仙后》
2.马洛ChristopherMarlowe-UniversityWits,thepioneerofEnglishdrama Blankverse无韵诗体,hyperbole夸张
浮士德博士的悲剧<Dr.Faustus--thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness对知识、权利、幸福的追求
<ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLovepastoral(牧人的,田园的)life
3.莎士比亚WilliamShakespeare-aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime
四大悲剧Fourtragedies-Hamlet,Othello,KingLear&Macbeth
十四行诗第18首<Sonnet18eternalorimmortalbeauty
《威尼斯商人》<TheMerchantofVenicetopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutality
《哈姆雷特》<Hamlethesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction,toosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger(复仇者)Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction独白Soliloquyormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters
4.培根FrancisBacon-brevity,compactness(简洁)&powerfulness,hisessaysisanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishproseInductivemethod归纳法inplaceofdeductivemethod演绎法
《论学习》<OfStudiesusesandbenefitsofstudy-studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperiencearecomplementary互补toeachother.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.
5.邓恩JohnDonne
玄学诗派metaphysicalpoetry-breakawayfromlovepoetry,aseeminglyunfocuseddiversityofexperiencesandattitudes,andafreerangeoffeelingsandmoodsConceits,syllogism三段论
《日出》<TheSunRisingthebusysunisalwaysreadytointerferewith(干扰)otherthingsandeverywhere？
《致死神》<Death,BeNotProudwhateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&thesleep,because'whomthegodslovedieyoung'.Thoughdeathisusuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprovidesarestforaman'sbodyandabirthforhissoul.
6.弥尔顿JohnMilton
《失乐园》<ParadiseLosttheonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetweenhumanloveandspiritualduty.Inheaven,SatanledarebellionagainstGodwithhisunconquerablewill.
《复乐园》<ParadiseRegained
《力士参孙》<SamsonAgonistesthemostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.
新古典主义Neoclassicism-arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion抑制情感&accuracy怯懦
启蒙思想(运动)Enlightenment-aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science
哥特式小说Gothicnovel-mystery,horror&castles神秘、恐怖
7.班扬JohnBunyan
(“浮华集市”)<TheVanityFairfrom《天路历程》<ThePilgrim'sProgress,areligiousallegory(寓言),pursuethetruth
8..蒲伯AlexanderPope
《论批评》<AnEssayonCriticismapoemwritteninheroiccouplets,criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidance(指导),'truewit'isbestsetinaplain(simple&clear)style.
“wordsarelikeleaves;andwheretheymostabound.Muchfruitofsensebeneathisrarelyfound.”whatideadothetwolinesexpress?
Onfruittrees,whereleavesareplentiful,fruitwillbefew.Similarly,inapieceofwriting,wheretoomanyfinewordsareused,goodsensewillbereduced.
9.笛福DanielDefoe-thefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople《罗宾汉》<RobinsonCrusoe,praisethehumanlaborandthePuritanfortitude清教徒坚韧
10.斯威夫待JonathanSwift-amastersatirist讽刺作家.Inhisopinion,humannatureisseriouslyandpermanently永存的flawed有瑕疵的 Properwordsinproperplaces
《温和的建议》<AModestProposal
《格列佛游记》<Gulliver'sTravels,fourparts-Lilliput,Brobdingnag,FlyingIsland&Houyhnhnm
11.菲尔丁HenryFielding–英语小说之父FatherofEnglishnovel,ProseHomerComicepicinprose
《汤姆?琼斯》<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling
12.约翰逊SamuelJohnson-firstcombineanEnglishdictionary,lastneoclassicistenlightener
《英文字典》<ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage
致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信<TotheRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfield
13.谢里丹RichardBrinsleySheridan-theonlyimportantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcentury
《?情敌》<TheRivalsand《造谣学校》<TheSchoolforScandalareregardedasimportantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoseofBernardShaw.
14.格雷ThomasGray
TheGraveyard(墓地)School《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》<ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard
?浪漫传奇Romantic-emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldof人文主义精神thehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace
TheromanticperiodbeganwiththepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge's<LyricalBallads
浪漫主义时期TheRomanticPeriod
15.布莱克WilliamBlake-engraver雕刻家
《扫烟囱的人》<TheChimneySweeperfrom《天真与经验之歌》<SongsofInnocenceahappyandinnocenceworldfromchildren'seye;<TheChimneySweeperfrom《经验之歌》<SongsofExperienceaworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholy忧郁的tonefrommeneyesChildhood,paradoxes,apairingofopposites;老虎<TheTyger
16.华兹华斯WilliamWordsworth-theleadingfigureoftheEnglishromanticpoetry,simple,spontaneous自发的,worshipperofnature'LakePoets'-WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge&RobertSouthey骚赛
Hedefinesthepoetasa'manspeakingtomen',andpoetryas'thespontaneousoverflow洋溢ofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesin'emotionrecollected沉思默想的intranquillity安静'.
“我孤独地游荡，就象一朵云”<IWanderedLonelyasaCloudthepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils水仙andpoet'sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.
《威斯敏斯特桥上,1802年9月3日》<ComposeduponWestminsterBridge,September3,1802thesonnetdescribesavividpictureofabeautifulmorninginLondon,silent,bright,glittering,smokeless&mildly.Itissotouchingasightthatthepoetexpressedhisreligionpiety虔诚fornature.
《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》<SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays
《孤独的割麦女》<TheSolitaryReaperthankstopoet'srichimagination,themassofassociations,thiscommonplacehappeningbecomesastrikingevent,thepoetsucceedsinmakingthereader'ssharehisemotion.Thepoemalsoshowsthepoet'spassionateloveofnature.
17.柯勒律治SamuelTaylorColeridge-supernatural,remotePoetcanbedividedintotwogroups-thedemonic(supernatural)&theconversational(对话的)
Thedemonicgroupincludes3masterpieces–《古舟子咏》(又,《老水手之行》)<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner,《库里斯特白》(克里斯塔贝尔)<Christabel,《忽必列汗》<KublaKhan
18.拜伦GeorgeGordonByron
拜伦式英雄'Byronichero'isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin贵族血统,againsttyrannical残暴的rulesormoralprinciples.Suchaheroappearsfirstin《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》<ChildeHarold'sPilgrimage.
<SongfortheLuddites'willdiefighting,orlivefree'theLudditesdestroyedthemachinesintheirprotestagainstunemployment.Thepoet'sgreatsympathyoftheworkersintheirstruggleagainstthecapitalistsisclearlyshown.
<TheIslesofGreecefrom《唐璜》<DonJuan(themasterpieceofByron,alongsatiricalpoem),songbyaGreeksingerattheweddingofDonJuanandHaidee.'FillhighthebowlwithSamianwine'?
19.雪莱PercyByssheShelley
Shelley’smasterpiece,Prometheusunbound,Isaversedrama.whichborrowsthebasicstoryfromaGreekplay.
英国人民之歌<MenofEngland
《西风颂》<OdetotheWestWindterzarima三行体,destructive-constructivepotential,hopeful,'Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!','IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?'
20.济慈JohnKeats
4greatodes–忧郁颂<OdeonMelancholy,希腊古瓮颂<OdeonaGrecianUrn,夜莺颂<OdetoaNightingale,倦怠颂<OdetoPsyche
<OdeonaGrecianUrnthecontrastbetweenthepermanence永久ofartandthetransience短暂ofhumanpassion,'Heardmelodiesaresweet,butthoseunheardaresweeter','Beautyistruth,truthbeauty'
21.简奥斯汀JaneAusten
《傲慢与偏见》<PrideandPrejudice
维多利亚时期TheVictorianPeriod
达尔文《物种起源》Darwin's<TheOriginofSpeciesand《人类起源》<TheDescentofManshookthetraditionalfaith,everythingiscreatedbyGod
功利主义UtilitarianismwaswidelyacceptedandpracticedCriticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople
22.狄更斯CharlesDickens-oneofthegreatestcriticalrealistwriters批判现实主义作家oftheVictorianAge维多利亚时代
Character-portrayal描写isthemostdistinguishingfeature特点ofhisworksAmingling混合ofhumorandpathos悲伤,惆怅
《双城记》<ATaleofTwoCities《雾都孤儿》<OliverTwist
23.勃朗蒂姐妹TheBront?Sisters-Charlotte,Emily&AnneBront?,aratherreservedandsimplegirl,wasverymuchachildofnature.
《简?爱》<JaneEyre《呼啸山庄》<WutheringHeights
24.丁尼生AlfredTennyson-inventsdramaticmonologue,PoetLaureate桂冠诗人,arealartist
拍吧,拍吧,拍吧<Break,Break,Breakthedeathofhisbestfriend,hissadnessfeelingarecontrastedwiththe无忧无虑carefree,innocentjoysofthechildrenandtheunfeeling无情的movementoftheshipandtheseawaves
《过沙洲》<CrossingtheBarwecanfeelhisfearlessness无畏的towardsdeath,hisfaithinGodandanafterlife死后.'Crossingthebar'meansleavingthisworldandentering进入thenextworld阴间
”尤利西斯”<Ulyssesnotendure忍耐thepeacefulcommonplace平凡的事everydaylife,oldasheis,hepersuadeshisoldfollowerstogowithhimandtosetsailagaintopursueanewworldandnewknowledge,dramaticmonologue,'Myselfnotleast,buthonour'dofthemall'meansIamnottheleastimportant,buthonoredbyallofthem
25.布朗宁RobertBrowning-themostoriginalpoet,whoimproveandmaturethedramaticmonologue
《指环与书》<TheRingandtheBookhismasterpiece
我逝去的公爵夫人<MyLastDuchessthisdramaticmonologueistheduke'sspeechaddressedtotheagentwhocomestonegotiatethemarriage,thedukeisaself-conceited,cruelandtyrannicalman
26.乔治?艾略特GeorgeEliot:Asa女性作家womanofexceptional特有的intelligenceandlifeexperience,sheshowsaparticularconcernforthedestinyofwomen
《米尔德马契》<Middlemarchasharpcontrastissetbetweenthecold,lifeless,dullhouseandDorotheawhoisfullofyouthfullifeandvigor
27.哈代ThomasHardy-botha自然主义naturalisticandacriticalrealistwriter地方乡土色彩Local-colored,Wessex,'novelsofcharacterandenvironment'
《德勃家的苔斯》<TessoftheD'Urbervillesexperienceisastointensity剧烈,andnotastoduration持续
?夜里的相会<MeetingatNight ?早上的分别<PartingatMorning
现代主义TheModernPeriod
28.萧伯纳GeorgeBernardShaw-1884jointheFabianSociety,stronglyagainstthecredo信条of“artforart’ssake”,vehemently激烈condemnedthe“wellmade”butcheap,hollowplays.Hewrotemorethan50plays.Missionofhisdramawastorevealthemoral,politicalandeconomictruthfromaradicalreformistpointofview.
《鳏夫的房产》<Widower’sHouses《康帝坦》<Candida 《华伦夫人的职业》<Mrs.Warren’sProfession《恺撒和克里奥佩特拉》<CaesarandCleopatra《圣女贞德》<St.Joan 《人与超人》<ManandSuperman 《皮格马利翁》<Pygmalion 《回到麦修色拉》<BacktoMethuselah 《苹果车》<TheAppleCart
29.高尔斯华绥JohnGalsworthy-wasbornintoaupper-middle-class上层(富裕的)中产阶级family.
《银盒》<TheSilverBoxestablishedhisprominentnovelistandplaywrightinthepublicmind.
第一个三步曲Trilogy--《福赛特世家》<TheForsyteSaga:《有家产的人》<TheManofProperty,《进退两难》(骑虎难下)<InChancery,《出租》<ToLet
第二个三步曲secondForsytetrilogy:《现代喜剧》<AModernComedy
第三个三步曲<EndoftheChapter
30.叶芝WilliamButlerYeatswasbornintoanAnglo-IrishProtestantfamilyinDublin.organizedtheIrishNationalDramaticSocirtyandopenedtheAbbeyTheatre.amoderatenationalist.buildamysticalsystemofbeliefs(history,lifefollowedacircularspiral螺旋patternconsistingoflongcycleswhichrepeatdthemselvesoverandoverondifferentlevels).
象征symbol:“windingstairs旋梯”,“spinningtops陀螺”,“gyres旋转”,“spirals”
longpoeticcareer,3period
《茵尼斯弗利岛》<TheLakeIsleofInnisfree 《梦见仙境的人》<TheManWhoDreamedofFneryland
《丽达及天鹅》<LedaandTheSwan 《在学童们中间》<DownByTheSallyGardens
31.T.S.艾略特T.S.Eliot
《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》<TheLoveSongofJ.Alfred 《荒原》<TheWasteLand 《灰星期三》<AshWednesday
《四个四重奏》<FourQuartets
32.劳伦斯D.H.Lawrence
《儿子和情人》<SonsandLovers 《虹》<TheRainbow《恋爱中的女人》<WomaninLove
33.乔伊斯JamesJoyce
《都柏林人》<Dubliners 《青年艺术家的肖像》<ThePortraitofTheArtistAsaYoungMan 《尤利西斯》<Ulysses
■美国部分
StartedwithWashingtonIrving's<TheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman's<LeavesofGrass,also
called'theAmericanRenaissance'Freeexpressionofemotion,escapesfromsociety,andreturntonature
NewEnglandTranscendentalism先验主义/超验主义
1.欧文WashingtonIrving-fatheroftheAmericanshortstories,theAmericanGoldsmith
PerfectedthebestclassicstylethatAmericanliteratureeverproduced
Firstnovel<AHistoryofNewYork
<TheSketchBookcontainsGermanfolktales<RipVan,<TheLegendofSleepyHollow
2.爱默生RalphWaldoEmerson-thespokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalismmovement
<TheAmericanScholar,<Self-Reliance,<TheOver-Soul
<ThePoetareflectionupontheaestheticproblemsintermsofthepresentstateofliteratureinAmerica
<ExperienceadiscussionabouttheconflictbetweenidealismandordinarylifeAmericanPuritanism,EuropeanRomanticism,intuitiveknowledge,over-soul,individual,nature
<NatureisregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism
3.霍桑NathanielHawthorne
Interioroftheheart,thereisevilineveryhumanheart,whichmayremainlatent,perhaps,throughthewholelife,butcircumstancesmayrouseittoactivity
<TheScarletLetter
<YoungGoodmanBrown
4.惠特曼WaltWhitman
Openness,freedom,individualism
I-me,mynation(society),Freeverse,Envelopestructure,Catalogue(Listing)
Anewideal,anewworld,anewlife-style
<ThereWasaChildWentForthhowachildisgreatlyinfluencedbyhisgrowingenvironments
<CavalryCrossingaFordasceneoftheAmericanCivilWar,allthemovementsdescribedinthispicturearefrozen.
<SongofMyselfWhitmanisamanbubblingwithenergyandladenwithideas,spontaneousexpressionofhisoriginalideas
5.麦尔维尔HermanMelville-amasterofallegoryandsymbolism,likeHawthorne<Moby-DickthefirstAmericanproseepic,Ishmaelbothasacharacterandanarrator,thecaptain,Ahabisamonomaniac
Realisticperiod-theGildedAge,thepoorpoorerandtherichricher,people'sattentionwasnowdirectedtotheinterestingfeaturesofeverydayexistence
Localcolorism,socialDarwinism,bestiality,beyonman'scontrol
6.马克?土温MarkTwain-thetruefatherofAmericanliterature
Localcolorist,vernacular,simplesentence,'thedamnedhumanrace'TheGildedAge
3boyhoodbooks<LifeontheMississippi,<TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,<AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn
<AdventuresofHuckleberryFinnHuck'sinnerconflictaboutwhetherornotheshouldwritealettertotellMissWatsonwhereJimis.
7.亨利詹姆斯HenryJames-internationaltheme,psychologicalrealistStreamofconsciousness,interiormonologue,freeassociation
<DaisyMillerthenarratorisanAmericanexpatriate,namedWinterbourne.Daisyisthemostinnocentgirl.Theclashisbetweentwodifferentcultures.
8.迪金森EmilyDickinson
Basedonherownexperiences,hersorrowsandjoys
<ThisismylettertotheWorldexpressDickinson'sanxietyabouthercommunicationwiththeoutsideworld.
<IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied-descriptionofamomentofdeath
<IliketoseeitlaptheMilesDickinsonmakesthetrainpartofnaturebyanimalizingit,likeahorse.
<BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath-personifydeathandimmortalitysoastomakehermessagestronglyfelt
9.西奥多?德莱塞TheodoreDreiser-America'sliterarynaturalistsCasehistoryincludingeverythingDeterminism(hereditybiological&environment),survivalofthefittest,thejunglelawTrilogyofDesire-<TheFinancier,<TheTitan,<TheStoic<SisterCarrie'whoshallcastthefirststone?'
Themodernperiod-thesecondAmericanRenaissance,theexpatriatemovement,theLostGeneration,atransformationfromordertodisorder
Seizetheday,enjoythepresent,spiritualwasteland,collectiveunconscious,psychoanalysis
Imagistmovement,JazzAge
10.庞德EzraPound-aleadingspokesmanofthe'ImagistMovement'
<TheCantos
<InaStationoftheMetroPoundattemptstoproducetheemotionhefeltwhenhewalkeddownintoaParissubwaystationandsuddenlysawanumberoffacesinthedimlight.Tocapturetheemotions,Poundusestheimageofpetalsonwet,blackboughs.
<TheRiver-Merchant'sWife:ALetter
<APactagreementwithWhitman'sfreeverse
11.弗洛斯特RobertLeeFrost-fourtimesawardedPulitzerPrize,pastorallifeandscene
<AfterApple-Picking
<TheRoadNotTaken
<StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening
12.尤金?奥尼尔EugeneO'Neill-founderoftheAmericandrama,wonthePulitzerPrizefourtimes
毛猿<TheHairyApe
13.司哥特?费兹杰拉德F.ScottFitzgerald-spokesmanoftheJazzAge,DollarDecade,1920s
AdoublevisionoftheJazzAge,bothaninsiderandanoutsiderAmericanDream
了不起的盖茨比<TheGreatGatsby
14.海明威ErnestHemingway-awardedtheNobelPrize
Icebergstyle,Codehero,thelostgeneration,graceunderpressure
<IndianCampfrom<InOurTimebirthanddeathcoexist
15.福克纳?WilliamFaulkner-awardedaNobelPrize
South,imprisonmentinthepast
Streamofconsciousness,multiplepointsofview
YoknapatawphaCountry
<ARoseforEmilyEmilyisregardedasthesymboloftraditionandthe
oldwayoflife.Thusherdeathislikethefallingofamonument.
20xx年4月自考英美文学选读试题
2004年4月自考英美文学选读试题
全部题目用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸相应位置上，否则不计分。
PARTONE（40POINTS）
Ⅰ.MultipleChoice(40pointsinall,1foreach)
Selectfromthefourchoicesofeachitemtheonethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatement.Writeyourcorrectanswerontheanswersheet.
1.“Andwewillsitupontherocks,/Seeingtheshepherdsfeedtheirflocks,/Byshallowriverstowhosefalls/Melodiousbirdssingmadrigals.”Theabovelinesaretakenfrom______.
A.Milton’sParadiseLostB.Marlowe’s“ThePassionateshepherdtoHisLove”
C.Shakespeare’s“Sonnet18”D.JohnDonne’s“TheSunRising”
2.TheEnglishRenaissanceperiodwasanageof______.
A.poetryanddramaB.dramaandnovelC.novelandpoetryD.romanceandpoetry
3.HerearefourlinestakenfromEdmundSpenser’sTheFaerieQueene:“ButonhisbrestabloudieCrossehebore,/ThedeareremembranceofhisdyingLord,/Forwhosesweetesakethatgloriousbadgehewore,/Anddeadaslivingeverhimadored.”Whoisthe“dyingLord”discussedintheabovelines?
A.BeowulfB.KingArthurC.JesusChristD.Jupiter
4.InShakespeare’sMerchantofVenice,AntoniocouldnotpaybackthemoneyheborrowedfromShylock,because______.A.hismoneywasallinvestedinthenewly-emergingtextileindustry
B.hisenterprisewentbankruptC.BassaniowasabletopayhisowndebtD.hisshipshadallbeenlost
5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesthethemeofShakespeare’sSonnet18?
A.ThespeakereulogizesthepowerofNature.B.Thespeakersatirizeshumanvanity.
C.Thespeakerpraisesthepowerofartisticcreation.D.Thespeakermeditatesonman’ssalvation.
6.InEnglishpoetry,afour-linestanzaiscalled______.
A.heroiccoupletB.quatrainC.SpenserianstanzaD.terzarima
7.“LetnotAmbitionmocktheirusefultoil,/Theirhomelyjoys,anddestinyobscure;/NorGrandeurhearwithadisdainfulsmile/Theshortandsimpleannalsofthepoor.”Theabovelinesaretakenfrom.
A.AlexanderPope’sEssayonCriticismB.Coleridge’s“KublaKhan”
C.JohnDonne’s“TheSunRising”
8.Bymakingthetruth-seekingpilgrimssufferatthehandsofthepeopleofVanityFair,JohnBunyanintendstoshowtheprevalentpoliticalandreligious______ofhistime.
A.persecutionB.improvementC.prosperityD.disillusionment
9.The18thcenturywitnessedanewliteraryform－themodernEnglishnovel,which,contrarytothemedievalromance,givesa______presentationoflifeofthecommonpeople.
A.romanticB.realisticC.propheticD.idealistic
10.Asawhole,______isoneofthemosteffectiveanddevastatingcriticismsandsatiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlife—socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientifically,andmorally.
A.MollFlandersB.Gulliver’sTravelsC.Pilgrim’sProgressD.TheSchoolforScandal
11.Anhonest,kind-heartedyoungman,whoisfullofanimalspiritandlacksprudence,isexpelledfromtheparadiseandhastogothroughhardexperiencetogainknowledgeofhimselfandfinallytohavebeenacceptedbothbyavirtuousladyandarichrelative.
TheabovesentencemaywellsumupthethemeofFielding’swork.
A.JonathanWildtheGreatB.TomJonesC.TheCoffe-HousePoliticianD.Amelia
12.InSheridan’sTheSchoolforscandal,themanwhowinsthehandofhisbelovedaswellastheinheritanceofhisrichuncleis______.
A.CharlesSurfaceB.JosephSurfaceC.SirPeterTeazleD.SirBenjaminBackbite
13.Whichofthefollowingworksbestrepresentsthenationalspiritofthe18th-centuryEngland?
A.RobinsonCrusoeB.Gulliver’sTravelsC.JonathanWildtheGreatD.ASentimentalJourney
14.Shelley’smasterpiece,PrometheusUnbound,isaversedrama,whichborrowsthebasicstoryfrom______.
A.theBibleB.aGermanlegendC.aGreekplayD.OneThousandandOneNights
15.InthefirstpartofthenovelPrideandprejudice,Mr.Darcyhasa(n)______oftheBennetfamily.
A.highopinionB.greatadmirationC.lowopinionD.erroneousview
16.InByron’spoem“SongfortheLuddites,”theword“Luddite”referstothe______.
A.workerswhodestroyedthemachinesintheirprotestagainstunemployment
B.risingbourgeoisiewhofightsagainstthearistocraticclass
C.descendentsoftheancientking,LudD.poorcountrypeoplewhosufferedundertheruleofthelandlordclass
17.Mr.MicawberinDavidCopperfieldandSamWellinPickwickPapersareperhapsthebest______characterscreatedbyCharlesDickens.
A.comicB.tragicC.roundD.sophisticated
18.AtypicalfeatureoftheEnglishVictorianliteratureisthatwritersbecamesocialandmoral______,exposingallkindsofsocialevils.
A.revolutionariesB.idealistsC.criticsD.defenders
19.“Isitnotsufficientforyourinfernalselfishness,thatwhileyouareatpeaceIshallwritheinthetormentsofhell?”(HeathcliffutteredthesentenceinthedeathsceneofCatherinefromChapterXVofWutheringHeights.)Theword“hell”attheendofthequotedsentencerefersto______.
A.HeavenB.HadesC.thenextworldD.thisworld
20.AtypicalForsyte,accordingtoJohnGalsworthy,isamanwithastrongsenseof______,whoneverpaysanyattentiontohumanfeelings.
A.justiceB.humorC.moralityD.property
21.“Hewassilentwithconceitofhisson.Mrs.Morelsniffed,asifitwerenothing.”(SonsandLoversbyD.H.Lawrence)Fromtheabovequotation,wecanseethatMrs.Morel’sattitudetoherhusbandis______.
A.sincerelywarmB.genuinelykind
C.seeminglyangryD.merelycontemptuous
22.Aboymakesaquestofhisidealizedchildishlovethroughpainfulexperienceuptothepointoflosinghisinnocenceandcomingtoseethedrabnessandharshnessoftheadultworld.
Theabovesentencemaywellsumupthemajorthemeof______.
A.Eliot’spoemTheloveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrockB.Bernardshaw’splayMrs.Warren’sProfession
C.Joyce’sstoryArabyD.Lawrence’sstoryTheHorseDealer’sDaughter
23.Linguistically,comparedwiththewritingsofMarkTwain,HenryJames’sfictionisnotedforhis______.
A.frontiervernacularB.richcolloquialismC.vulgarlydescriptivewordsD.refinedelegantlanguage
24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutWashingtonIrvingisNOTtrue?
A.Literaryimaginationshouldbreedinalandrichinthepastculture.
B.HeispreoccupiedwiththeCalvinisticviewoforiginalsinandthemysteryofevil.
C.HisstoriesareamongthebestoftheAmericanliterature.
D.SomeofhisworksarebasedonthematerialsoftheEuropeanlegendarytales.
25.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthemainideasadvocatedbyEmerson,thechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism?
A.Asanindividual,manisdivineandcandevelopandimprovehimselfinfinitely.
B.Natureexercisesahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanbeings.
C.Thereexistsanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal“Oversoul.”
D.Evilandsinareeverpresentinhumanheartandwillpassonfromonegenerationtoanother.”
26.Whitman’spoemsarecharacterizedbyallthefollowingfeaturesEXCEPT______.
A.thestrictpoeticformB.thefreeandnaturalrhythm
C.theeasyflowoffeelingsD.thesimpleandconversationallanguage
27.“Thenallcollapsed,andthegreatshroudofthesearolledonasitrolledfivethousandyearsago.”Inthequotedsentence,theauthormightimplythat______.
A.nothingchangesinthe5000yearsofhumanhistoryB.man’sdesiretoconquernaturecanonlyendinhisowndestructionC.natureisevilasitwas5000yearsagoD.naturehastheultimatecreativepower
28.“Standingonthebareground,—myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,—allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.Iamnothing.Iseeall.ThecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.”Theabovepassageistakenfrom______.
A.Stowe’sUncleTom’sCabinB.Cooper’s“LeatherstockingTales”
C.Emerson’s“Nature”D.Dreiser’sSisterCarrie
29.WhichofthefollowingworksbestillustratestheCalvinisticviewoforiginalsin?
A.Stowe’sUncleTon’sCabinB.James’sThePortraitofaLady.
C.Hemingway’sAFarewelltoArmsD.Hawthorne’sTheScarletLetter.
30.Besidesymbolism,allthefollowingqualitiesEXCEPT______arefusedtomakeMelville’sMoby-Dickaworldclassic.
A.narrativepowerB.psychologicalanalysisC.speculativeagilityD.optimisticviewoflife
31.InallhisnovelsTheodoreDreisersetshimselftoprojectthe______Americanvalues.Forexample,inSisterCarrie,thereisnotonecharacterwhosestatusisnotdeterminedeconomically.
A.PuritanB.materialisticC.psychologicalD.religious
32.InDaisyMiller,HenryJamesrevealsDaisy’s______byshowingherrelativelyunreservedmanners.
A.hypocrisyB.coldandindifferenceC.graceandpatienceD.Americanness
33.TheraftwithwhichHuckandJimmaketheirvoyagedowntheMississippiRivermaysymbolizeallthefollowingEXCEPT______.
A.areturntonature
B.anescapefromevils,injustices,andcorruptionofthecivilizedsociety
C.theAmericansocietyintheearly19thcentury
D.asmallworldwherepeopleofdifferentcolorscanlivefriendlyandhappily
34.EmilyGrierson,theprotagonistinFaulkner’sstory“ARoseforEmily,”canberegardedasasymbolforallthefollowingqualitiesEXCEPT______.
A.oldvaluesB.rigidideasofsocialstatusC.bigotryandeccentricityD.harmonyandintegrity
35.AsaModernistpoet,Poundisnotedforhisactiveinvolvementinthe______.
A.cubistschoolofmodernpaintingB.ImagistMovement
C.stream-of-consciousnesstechniqueD.GermanExpressionism
36.Thestatementthataboy’snightjourneytoanIndianvillagetowitnesstheviolenceofbothbirthanddeathprovidesallthepossibilitiesofalearningexperiencemaywellsumupthemajorthemeof______.
A.Faulkner’sstory“ARoseforEmily”B.Hemingway’sstory“IndianCamp”
C.Irving’sstory“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”D.James’sstory“DaisyMiller”
37.WhichofthefollowingplaysbyO’Neillcanbereadautobiographically?
A.TheHairyApeB.TheEmperorJonesC.TheIcemanComethD.LongDay’sJourneyIntoNight
38.WhenwesaythatapooryoungmanfromtheWesttriedtomakehisfortuneintheEastbutwasdisillusionedinthequestofanidealizeddream,weareprobablydiscussingabout______’sthematicconcerninhisfictionwriting.
A.HenryJamesB.ScottFitzgeraldC.ErnestHemingwayD.WilliamFaulkner
39.Afterhisexperiencesintheforest,YoungGoodmanBrownreturnstoSalem______.
A.desperateandgloomyB.renewedinhisfaithC.wearingablackveilD.unawareofhisownsin
40.AccordingtoMarkTwain,inrivertownsupanddowntheMississippi,itwaseveryboy’sdreamtosomedaygrowuptobe______.
A.MethodistpreacherB.ajusticeofthepeaceC.ariverboatpilotD.apirateontheIndianocean
PARTTWO(60POINTS)
Ⅱ.Readingcomprehension(16points,4foreach)
ReadthequotedpartscarefullyandanswerthequestionsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.
41.“Oneshortsleeppast,wewakeeternally,
Anddeathshallbenomore;death,thoushaltdie.”
Questions:
A.Identifythepoemandthepoet.B.Whatdoestheword“sleep”mean?C.Whatideadothetwolinesexpress?
42.“Neverdidsunmorebeautifullysteep
Inhisfirstsplendor,valley,rock,orhill;
Ne’ersawI,neverfelt,acalmsodeep!
Theriverglidethathisownsweetwill:
DearGod!Theveryhousesseemasleep;
Andallthatmightyheartislyingstill!”
(WilliamWordsworth’ssonnet:“ComposeduponWestminsterBridge”September3,1802)
Questions:
A.Whatdoestheword“glideth”inthefourthlinemean?
B.Whatkindoffigureofspeechisusedbywordsworthtodescribethe“river”?
C.Whatideadoesthefourthlineexpress?
43.“WithBlue—uncertainstumblingBuzz—
Betweenthelight—andme—
AndthentheWindowsfailed—andthen
Icouldnotseetosee—”Questions:
A.Identifythepoemandthepoet.B.Whatdo“Windows”symbolicallystandfor?
C.Whatideadoesthequotedpassageexpress?
44.“‘Isdyinghard,Daddy?’
‘No,Ithinkit’sprettyeasy,Nick,Italldepends.”’
Questions:A.Identifytheworkandtheauthor.
B.WhatwasNickpreoccupiedwithwhenheaskedthequestion?
C.Whydidthefatheradd“Italldepends”afterheansweredhisson’squestion?
Ⅲ.QuestionsandAnswers(24pointsinall,6foreach)
GivebriefanswerstoeachofthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.Writeyouranswersinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.
45.ItissaidthatB.Shaw’splay,Mrs.Warren’sProfession,hasastrongrealistictheme,whichfullyreflectsthedramatist’sFabianistidea.Trytosummarizethisthemebriefly.
46.EmilyBronteusedaverycomplicatednarrativetechniqueinwritinghernovelWutheringHeights.TrytotellBronte’swayofnarrationbriefly.
47.“Inyourrocking-chair,byyourwindowdreaming,shallyoulong,alone.Inyourrocking-chair,byyourwindow,shallyoudreamsuchhappinessasyoumayneverfeel.”ThetwosentencesaretakenfromTheodoreDreiser’snovel,SisterCarrie.Whatideacanyoudrawfromthe“rocking-chair”?
48.Theliteraryschoolofnaturalismwasquitepopularinthelate19thcentury.Whatarethemajorcharacteristicsofnaturalism?
Ⅳ.TopicDiscussion(20pointsinall,10foreach)
Writenolessthan150wordsoneachofthefollowingtopicsinEnglishinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.
49.DiscussthepossiblethemeinW.B.Yeats’s“TheLakeIsleofInnisfree”andhowthatthemeispresentedinthepoem.
50.“Myfaithisgone!”criedhe(GoodmanBrown),afteronestupefiedmoment.“Thereisnogoodonearth;andsinisbutaname.Come,devil!Fortotheeisthisworldgiven.”
CommentonthispassagefromHawthorne’s“YoungGoodmanBrown”.
1-5BABDC6-10BDABB11-15BAACC16-20AACDD21-25DCDBD26-30ABCDD
31-35BDCDB36-40BDBAC
41.A.Thepeamis"Death,BenotProud",whichwrittedbyJohnDonne
B.Theworld"sleep"means"death";
C.Thetwolinesexpresstheideathatthereisnothingfrighteningin
death.Thoughwemightdie,wecankeepalivespirituallyforever.
42.ATheword"glideth"means"flows";Bwordsworthusespersonificationtodescribethe"river"
CThefourthlineexpressestheideathattheriverisflowinghappilyasalivingthings,whichimpliesthebeautyofthenature;
43.AThepoemis"IheardasFlybuzz--whenIdied--"byEmilyDickinson.
B"windows"symbolicallystandforthedoortoheaven.
CThequotedpassagevividlydescribesthemomentofmydyingandexpressesmydoubltoftheexistenceofeternalheaven.
44.A.Theworkis"IndianGamp"byErnestHemingway.
B.Nickwaspreoccupiedwiththepainandviolenceofdeath.
C.Byadding"Italldepends"thefathermeantthatdeathmeansdifferentlytodifferentpoeple.TosuchweakpersonslikethehusbandoftheIndianwomanit'saprettyeasy,whilestrong-willedpersonwillnoteasilycommitsuicide.
IIII.
45.Theplaydealswiththethemesofprostiutionasabigbussinessinthebourgeoissociety.TheplaylaunchespossiblythesharpestandthebitterestattackevermadebyShawupontheveryfoundationofthe"civilized"capitalistworld.
Theplayhitstheveryheartofcapitalismasasocialsystemaccordingtowhicheconomicexploitationisnotonlyconsideredthelegitimatethingadoptedeverywherebutispursuedshamelesslyby"dignified"membersofthesocietythroughthelowestandthedirtiestmeans.
46.TherearecomplicatednarrativelevelsinWutheringHeightsThemainnarrativeistoldbyNely,Catherine'soldnurse.toMr.Lockwood,atemporarytenantatGrange.ThelattergivesanaccountofwhatheseeatWutheringHeights.InthemainnarrativebyNellysthesub---narrativetoldthroughIsabella'slettersaNelly.Whilethecentralintrestismaintained,thesequenceofitsdevelopmentisconstantlydisorderedbyflashbacks,Thismarksthestoryallthemoreenticingandgenuine.
47.Fromthe"rocking-chair"wecandrawthatCarriewasdreamingofthebrightfuture.
Althoughshewasoftendisillusioned,shewasnotatallindespair.
48.Naturalismisoneschoolofrealismwheretheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbut
moreironicandmorepesimistic.TheAmericannaturalismacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationofDarwin'sevolutionary
theoryandusedittoaccountforthebehavioroftheosecharactersinliteraryworkswhoconceivedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsociety,andportrayedmiseryandpovertyofthe'underdogs'whoweredeomostrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.Oneofthemostfamiliarciallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire,Articicallynaturalisticwritingsareusuallyunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldyinstructure.Philosophically,thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenformtheeyesoftheindividual,orbeyondhiscontrol.
49.ThemajorthemesinYeats'speomsareusuallyCelticlegends,localfolktales,orstoriesoftheheroicinIrishhistory.Manyofhisearlypoemshaveadreamquality,expressingmelancholy,passiveandself-indulgentfeelings.Butinanumberofpoems,Yeatshasachievedsuggestivepatternofmeaningbyacarefulcountpointingofcontrastingindeasorimageslikehumanandfairy,naturalandartifical,domesticandwild,andephermralandpermanent."Innisfree"isjustapopularepresentativefosuchpeomss;
arounda"fairlyland"background,thepeomisimagerygivethepeomahauntingquality.Thecharityandcontrolofthepeotryisverydelicatewithnaturalimagery,dream-likeatmospherandmusicalbeauty.Thepossiblethemeisthattiredofthelifeofhisday,Yeatssoughttoescapeintoanideal"fairlyland"wherehecouldlivecalmyasaherimitandenjoythebeautyofnature.Thepeamconsistsofthreequatrainsofiambicpentameter,witheachstanzarhymedabab.InnisfreeisaninletinthelakeinIrishlengends.Heretheauthorisreferringtoaplaceforhermitage.
50.ThispassageappearsafterGoodmanBrown'sexperienceintheforest.Brrownattendsawitch'sSabbathinthewoodsandisconfrontedwithavisionofhumanevilthere.Afterhereturnstohishome,helivesadismalandgloomylifebecauseheisneverabletobelieveingoodnessorpietyagain.ThepassageexemplifiestheconcernofguiltyandevilinHawthorne'swork.Itsheroexperiencefromthetransitionfromnaiveyoungmanwhoacceptsbothsocietyingenralandhisfellowmenasindividualsworthhisregardtoasistrustfulanddoublfulperson.Howevers,the
storyismanipulatedinsuchawaythatweasreadersfellthatHawthorneposesthequestionofGoodandEvilinmanbutwithholdshisanswer,andhedoesnotpermithismselftodeterminwhethertheeventsofthenightoftrailarerealorthemerefigmentofadream.
薄冰英语语法第八章被动语态
第八章被动语态
8.1语态的含义和种类
语态（voice）是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的.关系。
英语的语态分为主动语态（activevoice）和被动语态（passivevoice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：
（1）Yesterday!Iparkedmycaroutsidetheschool.昨天我把我的汽车停在学校外边。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
（2）Asoundofpianoisheardintheadjoiningroom.听到邻居房间里有钢琴声。
被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态，但较常用的有下列十种：
1）现在一般时
（3）XiaoWang,youarewantedintheoffice.小王，办公室有事找你。
（4）Iamnotsoeasilydeceived.我不是轻易上当受骗的。
2）过去一般时
（5）Iwasinvitedtotheconcert.我应邀参加了音乐会。
（6）Ourhousewasbuiltin1969.我们家的房子建于1969年。
3）将来一般时
（7）Wehopethatanagreementwillbearrivedat.我们希望会达成一项协议。
（8）Thismatterwillbelookedintointhefuture.这件事将来是要查明的。
4）过去将来一般时
（9）Hesaidthatthebridgewouldbebuiltnextyear.他说这座桥明年将建成。
（10）Anotherhalf-hourandalldoorswouldbelocked—alllightsextinguished.再过半小时，所有的门都要上锁—所有的灯都要熄灭。
5）现在完成时
（11）Mycarhasbeenrepaired.我的汽车已修好了。
（12）Thepartyhasbeenplannedsincethenewyear.这聚会自新年起就已筹划了。
6）过去完成时
（13）Theportieresthathungacrossthefoldingdoorshadbeentakendownforthesummer.折门上面的门帘夏天已经取下来。
（14）Tootielookedatthelanternsthathadbeenlightedandplacedneartheopening.图蒂望着那些已经点着并放在洞口附近的提灯。
7）将来完成时
（15）Thenewbookswillhavebeenenteredintheregisterbeforeanotherparcelarrives.这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。
（16）ThisclasswillhavebeentaughtbyMr.Brownfortwoyearsbynextsummer.到明年夏天，这个班将由布朗先生教毕二年了。
8）过去将来完成时
（17）Theheadmastersaidthearticlewouldbeencompletedtranslatedbysixo’clock.校长说这篇文章将在6点钟以前翻译完毕。
（18）HesaidthatthebridgewouldhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.他说这桥将于7月前完成。
9）现在进行时
（19）Thisquestionisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.这个问题正在会上讨论。
（20）Thechildrenarebeingtakencareofbytheiraunt.孩子们现在正由姑母照看着。
10）过去进行时
（21）WhenIcalled,teawasbeingserved.我来拜访时，正值上茶之际。
（22）Withhisfingers,hegentlysearchedthecrownandbrimofhishattobesureitwasn’tbeingcrushed.他用手指轻轻地摸找帽顶和帽边，以肯定它没有被压坏。
[注一]完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。它们的被动意义可用完成时态来表示，如Hehasbeenbeingexamined.（他已被考过。）一般应代之以Hehasbeenexamined。将来进行时与过去将来进行时一般也不用被动语态。其被动意义可用一般时态来表示，如Hewillbebeingexaminedwhilewearethere.（他将在我们在那里时被考。）可代之以Hewillbeexaminedwhilewearethere。
[注二]关于非限定动词的被动语态见本书第十章有关各节。
被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，后面一般不接by短语。如：
（23）Hundredsofpeoplegetkilledeveryyearbytrafficontheroads.每年都几百人死于道路交通事故。
（24）Theboygothurtonhiswaytoschool.这男孩在上学的路上受伤了。
被动语态可含有情态动词，其结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”。如：
（25）Thismustbedoneassoonaspossible.这件事必须尽快做。
（26）What’sdonecannotbeundone.覆水难收。
（27）Thesestairsareverydangerous.Theyshouldberepaired.这楼梯很危险，应该修理了。
（28）Crosstheroadverycarefully.Lookbothways,oryoumightbeknockeddown.过马路要非常小心，要看两边，不然会被车撞倒的。
有不少短语动词相当于及物动词，所以这些短语动词亦有被动语态。如：
（29）Manyinterestingexperimentsarecarriedoutinourlaboratory.我们实验室做了许多有趣的实验。
（30）Boxingwasgoneinforhereintheearly1950s.20世纪50年代初期，这里拳击很盛行。
有些由“动词+名词+介词”构成的短语动词，其结构比较松散，变成被动语态时也可以将名词和其后的介词拆开（使介词和其后的宾语合成一介词短语）。这种被动语态常用于正式文体中。如：
（31）Messhadbeenmadeofthehouse.家里乱作一团。（主动句是：Theownerhadmademessofthehouse.）
（32）Gooduseismadeofthelibrary.这图书馆的利用率很高。（主动句是：Theymakegooduseofthelibrary.）
8.2主动语态变被动语态
主动语态变为被动语态，可分为下列三种情况：
1）“主+谓+宾”句型变为被动语态时，先将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语（宾语如为人称代词，须将宾格变为主格）；然后将主动结构中谓语动词的主动语态变为被动语态；最后在谓语动词的被动语态之后加by，再将主动结构中的主语置于介词by之后（如为人称代词，须将其主格变为宾格）。如：
（1）AlexanderGrahamBellinventedthetelephonein1876.亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔于1876年发明了电话。（主动结构）
（2）ThetelephonewasinventedbyAlexanderGrahamBellin1876.电话是亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔于1876年发明的。（被动结构）
（3）Themanagerhasnotsignedthepapers.经理没有在这些文件上签字。（主动结构）
（4）Thepapershavenotbeensignedbythemanager.这些文件还没有由经理签字。（被动结构）
被动结构中的by短语，如无必要指出，则可省去。如：
（5）Ipostedthatletterlastnight.我昨晚把那封信投邮了。（主动结构）
（6）Thatletterwaspostedlastnight.那封信是昨晚投邮的。（被动结构）
如宾语是—that从句，变为被动语态时可用it作被动句的形式主语。如：
（7）Theknowthatheisanexpert.他们认为他是一位专家。（主动结构）
（8）Itisknownthatheisanexpert.人们认为他是一位专家。（被动结构）
或把主动句中宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语。如：
（9）Heisknowntobeanexpert.他被认为是一位专家。（被动结构）
[注一]将主动句变为被动句时，偶尔可把by短语放在过去分记词之前，如HewasbysomeoneknowntohaveworkedfortheGermanfascists.（有人知道他曾为德国法西斯干过事。）这里将bysomeone移至过去分词known之前显然是由于known和其后的tohaveworked的关系更为密切。有时by短语也可放在主语补语之后，如TeadrinkingisconsideredoneofthepleasuresoflifebytheChinese.（喝茶被中国人认为是一种人生乐趣。）。
[注二]在较古的英语中，被动句中也可用of短语代替by短语。现仍见于少数一些说法中。如：
①Hewasbelovedofeverybody.他受到大家的爱戴。
②Hewasdevouredofalongdragon.他被一长龙吞噬了。
被动结构中的by短语并不一定总是代表动作的执行者，它有时也可表方式或原因。如：
（10）Apolicemanisknownbytheclotheshewears.警察可以从他穿的服装认出来。
（11）Iwasverymuchflatteredbyhisaskingmetodanceasecondtime.我对他再次请我跳舞感到高兴。
2）“主+谓+宾+宾”句型（一般地说一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语）变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。这一保留不变的宾语叫做保留宾语（retainedobject）。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加介词to（可省去）或for（一般不可省）。如：
（12）Hetoldheralongstory.他给她讲了一个长故事。（主动结构）
（13）Shewastoldalongstory.她听了一个长故事。（被动结构）
（14）Alongstorywastoldtoher.有人对她讲了一个长故事。（被动结构）
（15）Motherboughtmeanewcoat.母亲给我买了件新上衣。（主动结构）
（16）Iwasboughtanewcoat.有人给我买了件新上衣。（被动结构）
（17）Anewcoatwasboughtforme.有人给我买了件新上衣。（被动结构）
[注]被动句中强调间接宾语时，其前的介词to不可省去，如Amplewarningwasgiventothen,nottome.（受到严厉警告的是他们，不是我。）。
上述句型中的两个宾语有时都是直接宾语。变为被动结构时，一般皆将主动结构中指人的宾语变为主语。如：
（18）Theteacheraskedthestudentsaveryunusualquestion.教师向学生提了一个很不寻常的问题。（主动结构）
（19）Thestudentswereaskedaveryunusualquestion.学生被问了一个很不寻常的问题。（被动结构）
偶尔也可将主动结构中指物的宾语变为主语，但指人的保留宾语之前一般不可加任何介词。如：
（20）Hewillforgiveyouyouroffence.他将宽恕你的无礼。（主动结构）
（21）Youroffencewillbeforgivenyou.你的无礼将得到宽恕。（被动结构）
3）“主+谓+复合宾语”句型（含有一个宾语加宾语补语）变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补语不变。如：
（22）TheychoseTomcaptain.他们选汤姆为队长。（主动结构，宾语补语为名词）
（23）Tomwaschosencaptain.汤姆被选为队长。（被动结构）
（24）Inspring,alltheislanderspainttheirhouseswhite.春天的时候，所有岛民都把他们的房子涂成白色。（主动结构，宾语补语为形容词）
（25）Theirhousesarepaintedwhite.他们的房子被涂成白色。（被动结构）
（26）Theyrecognizedhimasagenius.他们认为他是一个天才。（主动结构，宾语补语为介词短语）
（27）Hewasrecognizedasagenius.他被认为是一个天才。（被动结构）
（28）Weaskedtheteachertoexplainthedifficultsentencesagain.我们要求教师再解释一下这些难句。（主动结构，宾语补语为不定式）
（29）Theteacherwasaskedtoexplainthedifficultsentencesagain.教师被要求再解释一下这些难句。（被动结构）
（30）Ifoundhimlyingonthefloor.我发现他躺在地板上。（主动结构，宾语补语为现在分词）
（31）Hewasfoundlyingonthefloor.他被发现躺在地板上。（被动结构）
（32）Wefoundallourseatsoccupied.我们发现所有我们的位子都被占了。（主动结构，宾语补语为过去分词）
（33）Allourseatswasfoundoccupied.所有我们的位子发现都被占了。（被动结构）
但在下列情况下，主动句一般不能变为被动句：
1）谓语是：
a）及物动词leave，enter，reach，resemble，become(适合)suit，benefit，lack等。
b）不可拆开的takeplace，loseheart，changecolour，belongto，consistof等短语动词。
2）宾语是：
a）反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、动名词等。
b）虚词it，如cabit，footit等。
c）身体的某一部分，如shakeone’shead等。
d）某些抽象名词，如interest（兴趣）等。
8.3被动语态的用法
英语里多用主动语态，但用被动语态的场合也不少，似乎要比汉语用得广泛。英语的被动语态常用于下列几种场合：
1）当我们不知道动作的执行者时。如：
（1）PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。
（2）Look!There’snothinghere.Everythinghasbeentakenaway.看！这里什么也没有。一切都被拿走了。
2）当我们不必要提出动作的执行者时。如：
（3）Iwasbornin1960.我生于1960年。
（4）Suchthingsarenotdonetwice.这种事不可再做。
3）当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者时。如：
（5）Sheislikedbyeverybody.她为人人所喜欢。（强调she）
（6）Agoodtimewashadbyall.大家都玩得很痛快。（侧重agoodtime）
4）当我们出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时。如：
（7）Wherecanyoubereached?哪里可以和你接头？（避免说出“我”）
（8）You’llbecontacted.我们会和你联系的。（避免说出“我们”）
5）当我们出于行文的需要时。如：
（9）ThefilmwasdirectedbyXieJin.该电影由谢晋导演。（上文谈的是该影片）
（10）Helenwassenttotheschoolbyherparentswhenshewasnine.海伦九岁时被父母送到这座学校。（上文谈的是海伦）
6）有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。如：
（11）It’sdone!（可缩略为Done!）成啦！（现在一般时被动式表动作已完成）
（12）Heissaidtobeagoodteacher.他被认为是一个好教师。
（13）Thelineofflagswasslungbetweentwotrees.一列国旗挂在两树之间。
（14）Hewasbornin1919.他生于1919年。
（15）SheisreputedtobethebestsingerinEurope.她被誉为是欧洲最佳歌手。
[注]被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍及景物描写。
8.4含被动意义的主动语态
有些不及物动词（其主语大都指物）的主动语态可以表示被动意义。这种不及物动词有下列几种：
1）某些连系动词。如smell，taste，sound，prove，feel等。
（1）Theflowerssmellsweet.这花儿很香。
（2）Thefoodtastesnice.这食物的味道好。
（3）Thatsoundsveryreasonable.这话听上去很有道理。
（4）Thestoryprovedquitefalse.这一套话证实完全是假的。
2）某些与can’t，won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move，lock，shut，open等。
（5）Itcan’tmove.它不能动。
（6）Thedoorwon’tshut.这门关不上。
3）某些可和well，easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如read，write，wash，clean，draw，burn，cook，photograph等。
（7）Theclothwasheswell.这种布料好洗。
（8）Thepoemreadssmoothly.这首诗读起来很流畅。
（9）Thecisterndoesn’tcleaneasily.这水槽不容易弄干净。
（10）Thiskindofricecooksmorequicklythanthatkind.这种米做饭比那种熟得快。
4）某些可用于“主+谓+主补”结构中的不及物动词，如wear，blow等。
（11）Thismaterialhaswornthin.这种布料已穿薄了。
（12）Thedoorblewopen.门给吹开了。
有些不及物动词的进行时亦具有被动意义。如：
（13）Cornissellingbriskly.谷物畅销。
[注]上述不及物动词有些亦可用作及物动词，但二者有所不同。如：
①Thedooropened.门开了。
②Thedoorwasopened.门被打开了。
例①强调thedoor本身内在的特性，表明“门”本身可开可关，不强调动作的执行者；例②则相反，强调“门被人打开了”，与门本身的特性无关。
8.5被动语态与系表结构的区别
所谓系表结构，在此乃指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，于是就有一个如何区别它们的问题。总的来说，它们有以下几点不同：
1）被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态。前者可用by短语表动作的执行者，后者则一般不用by短语。如：
（1）Thecompositionwaswrittenwithgreatcare.这篇作文写得很用心。（被动语态）
（2）Thecompositioniswellwritten.这篇作文写得好。（系表结构）
（3）Thesearticlesaresoldquickly.这些货物售得快。（被动语态）
（4）Thesearticlesareallsoldout.这些货物全售出了。（系表结构）
（5）Suchquestionsareoftensettledthroughnegotiations.这类问题通常通过谈判解决。（被动语态）
（6）Thequestionissettled.这个问题解决了。（系表结构）
2）系表结构一般只用于现在一般时与过去一般时。被动语态则除可用于上述两种时态之外，还可用于其它时态。如：
（7）Ihavebeendriventoit.我是被迫至此。（被动结构）
（8）Theflowerswillbeplantednextweek.下周种花。（被动结构）
3）系表结构中的过去分词可被very所修饰；被动语态中的过去分词可用much修饰。试比较：
（9）Hewasveryagitated.他很激动。（系表结构）
（10）Hewasmuchagitatedbythenews.他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
4）系表结构有主动意义，被动结构只有被动意义。现将具有主动意义的系表结构举例说明如下：
a）过去分词表心理、感情，如：
（11）Sheisresolvedtobecomeaballetdancer.她决心当一名芭蕾舞演员。
（12）Iamquitepuzzled.我感到十分困惑。
b）过去分词是反身动词，如：
（13）Theopensquarewasbathedinlight.宽阔的广场淋浴在阳光中。（主动式是batheditself）
（14）Thewaywaslostbetweenthetrees.小路消失在树林之中。（主动式是lostitself）
c）过去分词与介词搭配，如：
（15）Hewaspuzzledaboutit.他为那件事感到困惑。
（16）Areyouinterestedinthissubject?你对这门课感兴趣吗？
（17）Weweresurprisedatthenews.我们对那消息感到惊讶。
（18）Shewasscaredoutofherwits.她吓得不知所措。
（19）Thechildisaccustomedtosleepingalone.这孩子习惯独自睡了。
[注]过去分词有时可后接with，也可后接by。一般来说，by强调动作，with强调状态，试比较：seizedbyaman被人捉住，seizedwithafever发烧；coveredbyalid被盖子盖住，coveredwithalid为盖子所盖住
5）有时只能从上下文才能加以区别。如：
（20）Thedoorwasclosed.门关上了。
（21）Theroadwasmended.路修好了。
独立地看，上述两例，既可是被动结构，也可是系表结构。遇到这种情况，则应根据上下文去理解。
