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双宾语结构经典语录

时间:2025-06-04 15:28:33

考研备考初期非常关键,考生之间的差距大多是在这个时期形成的,所以一定要把握好寒假的复习时间。今天要给大家强调的是翻译句子的方法。对句子的理解不仅影响我们做阅读的准确性,而且直接决定了我们在翻译题中拿到的分数。翻译是英语中的一个难点,考察大家理解概念或结构较复杂的文字材料的能力。通常这个部分的平均分都是比较低的,下面给大家介绍一种三步法策略,我们以英语一20XX年text4阅读中的一句话为例:

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

第一步:划结构,抓住干。

拿到一个考研英语长难句应该先切分结构,从而抓出句子主干,这是翻译句子的第一步。因为句子过长,对于大多数人而言都无法第一时间理清意思,所以要给句子分段,抓主要意思。这句话中两个逗号间是插入的定语从句,主干为Washington overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.定语从句主干:who had begun to believe that all men were created equal,他开始相信人人生来平等。

第二步:分成分,组意思。

长难句主干划分出之后,分句中还有一些成分比较长,需要进一步区分成分,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives克服了亲属的强烈反对,to grant his slaves their freedom in his will,grant之后是双宾语,赋予他的'奴隶以自由。定语从句中出现了一个非常重要的现在分词结构作状语,根据语义关联确定为时间状语。during the Revolutionary War也是时间状语。

第三步:调语序,理通顺。

各个成分确定了之后再看是否需要语序调整,比如 to grant his slaves their freedom in his will双宾语顺译可以,而after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War放在原来的位置就不可以了,汉语习惯是时间状语前置,所以需要调整。“在解放战争中观察到了黑人士兵的勇敢之后,华盛顿开始相信人人生而平等”。最后正对定语从句的位置也需要调整,因为从句较长,所以采用拆分法。

全句的译文如下:“在解放战争中观察到了黑人士兵的勇敢之后,华盛顿开始相信人人生而平等,之后他便克服了亲属的强烈反对,在遗嘱当中赋予了他的奴隶以自由。”要真正提高对考研英语长难句理解的水平,就需要有正确的翻译方法指导,再加上平时勤加练习,才能真正提升翻译能力。

(一) 牢牢抓住八条:

(1)"四到"法

眼到──繁体字,一笔一画看仔细;只看到一个大概的轮廓不行,如:"寿(壽)"、"刚才(纔)"的"才"的繁体。有注解,逐条看。"不求甚解",至少学语言课不行。

口到──寓记忆于吟哦,培养"语感"。西谚:"与其记在心间,不如记在唇边。"运动记忆不易忘。

心到──用心记,记特殊音义,记特殊句型等等。多思。"子曰:'学而不思则罔'"(《论语·为政》)。"好学深思,心知其意"(《史记·五帝本纪》)这八个字是古今多少学问家成功的共同秘诀。

手到──记笔记,并及时地加以整理;做卡片,定期分类,努力探索事物的内在规律;有生字,要勤翻工具书。

(2)以文选为中心

"语言就包含在言语作品中。"我们要精熟上百篇周秦汉的源头范文,做到能正确诵读、解释、翻译;要熟悉到随便举出其中的一个词语或一个句子,立刻就能记起是哪一篇里的。首先练好这一项基本功,然后再谈"深造"二字。

(3)以词汇为重点

语音、词汇、语法这三要素中,词汇的变化最快,须特别注意。对于古今词义不同的词,尤其是那些"微殊"的,要细心辨析,留心记住。读古书误解往往在这些词上头。如"信"、"书"(《世说新语·雅量》"谢公与人围棋")一年中,我们要扎实地掌握 600个左右常用词;对这些常用词的常用义项,要相当熟悉。我们结合文选讲解一些,大量的还要靠大家课外自己看教材,研究、归纳。

(4)以常规语法为次重点

这就是说,对于文选中出现频率较高的古汉语语法现象,也要给予相当的重视。关于语法体系,先学通一家,再博采众家之长;不要一上来就搞一个大杂烩。

(5)逐步掌握通论

要以历史主义的观点,用对比研究的方法,从个别认识一般,把感性认识逐步上升到理性认识,达到掌握古汉语的一般规律。说得具体些,就是对于古今汉语在词汇形式、词义内容、词性活用、虚词用法、语法结构等方面的异同,都要有较为全面的认识。这样,阅读古书时才能举一反三,触类旁通。

(6)认真做好口头的、笔头的各种练习

口头的练习有朗读、背诵等,笔头的练习有做读书笔记、注音、释义、翻译、语言要点分析、名词解释、古文赏析、小论文等。

(7)要培养自己浓厚的兴趣

有兴趣才会自觉地预习和温习,有兴趣才会钻得进,也才会有创见。人,大概只有吃糖果的兴趣是不用怎么培养就有的,其他的兴趣则一般都要经过强化培养的。地质队员翻山越岭采标本,对冷冰冰的石头有那么浓厚的兴趣,是因为他们有着强烈的事业心。如果我们想到只要闯过了文字关就能为人民掌握更多的知识,学习古代汉语的干劲自然就大了。

"文字关"也是一种"关",红军长征过娄山关是靠浴血奋战打下来的;老子出关也是写了五千字的《道德经》的。过关总要付出代价。但我们付出的是辛苦,收获的却是成功的喜悦。待到我们经过艰苦的努力,终于闯过了文字关,从而在古代文献阅读和研究的领域里可以自由地驰骋,不断领略到古典艺术的胜境,并自己放出眼光进行美学的分析,或作古代语言的研究,或在创作中成功地继承了某种艺术形式时,那将是多么快乐的事情呵!

(8)四字诀:

勤──勤勉,见缝插针,不怕辛劳,孜孜以求。谨──严谨,一丝不苟,多闻阙疑,认真继承。精──精通,熟读精思,精益求精,升堂入室。进──前进,深造有得,勇于创新,追求完美。

(二)掌握一串钥匙:

拎出文言文的十几个学习要点,作为打开文言宝库大门的一串钥匙。它们是:

1. 通假字

本有其字,若古人临文时用同音或音近的字来代替它,那么这个用来暂代"本字"的字就叫做"通假字"。如:赵王少,不能蚤起。蚤,通"早",早早地。

2. 古今字

在某个意义上先后产生的两种字形,先出现的'是"古字",后起的是"今字"。如:寒暑易节,始一反焉。反,回来。这个意义后来写作"返"。

3. 异体字 一个字的正体之外的写法。如:涙,同"泪";愬,同"诉"。

4. 破读字 因词性改变或意义转变而引起读音改变的字。如:好学、王天下、衣褐等。

5. 词类活用 在上下文中甲类词临时用如乙类词。如:粪土当年万户侯。粪土,名词用如意动。

6. 词序 前宾语、动量表示法等。如:吾谁欺? 未之有也。 [三]思而后行。

7. 双宾语 (1)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:语之故;

(2)动词+直接宾语+间接宾语,如:问之客。

8. 非支式 即非支配关系的动宾结构式,其形式的宾语,实质是补语。如:而誓〈之〉曰:""誓之,向她发誓。

9. 被动式 "于"字式、"为"字式、"见"字式、"被"字式等。

10.实词、词组 联绵字、偏义复词

11.虚词 如之、其、者、所、以、于、而、则、焉、乃等。

12.省略 承上省或探下省主语、宾语、动词、介词等。

13. 修辞 如比喻、比拟(拟人或拟物)、夸张、对偶、排比、用典、反语、反诘、设问、借代、反复、层递、互文等。

14. 文体如散文中的史传文(编年体、纪传体、纪事本末体、杂史)、杂记文(游记体、笔记体)、说理文(语录体、史论体、寓言体)、应用文(书信体)等;韵文中的风体诗(诗经),骚体诗(楚辞),汉魏六朝古诗(乐府、歌行),古体诗(古风)中的七古、五古、古绝,近体诗(格律诗)中的七律、五律、排律、律绝,词,曲等;骈文(骈赋、连珠、对联)等。

15. 特色与表现手法 如对比、烘托、铺垫、暗示、象征、白描、夹叙夹议、托物言志等。

16. 同源字 具有一个共同的概念义而读音又相同或相近的两个字或几个字。如:君子于其所不知,盖阙如也。阙,与"缺"同源。

学生在老师的指导下真正掌握了这串钥匙,也就掌握了研读文言文的主动权。学生依照新编《古代汉语》教材的示范,在解剖了数十篇文选的语言要点之后,就能实实在在地把

握文言文的语言特点,从而顺利地闯过文字理解关。

高老师用的是南大自编教材,不过道理一样。

王力的《古代汉语》第一册要熟读,最好每个字都看到,包括注释。前期打下基础,后面就如行云流水了。

商务印书馆的《古汉语常用字字典》(繁体字)本。它是在王力先生的《古代漢語》“常用詞”的基礎上編寫的,解釋的是古代漢語中的一些常用意義。

要了解字的本意,可以查阅《漢語大字典》。

关于标点。。。

在对文言散文标点之前,应反复多读几遍,做到真正理解古人的意思和具体语词的意义之后,再进行标点。

正确的断句,需要掌握一定的词语、语法、音韵以及要有比较丰富的古代文化知识。方法都是次要的。皮之不存,毛将焉附?

代词及练习(含答案)

第11章 代词

一.概念:

代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。

二.相关知识点精讲

1.人称代词

1)人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。

2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语,宾格作宾语。如:

I like table tennis. (作主语)

Do you knowhim?(作宾语)

3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如:

---Whos is knocking at the door?

---It’s me.

4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。如:

He is older than me.

He is older thanI am.

2. 物主代词

1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性

物主代词,如下表所示。

2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如:

Our teacher is coming to see us.

This is her pencil-box.

3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。

Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语)

--- Is this English-book yours? (作表语)

--- No. Mine is in my bag.

I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语)

3. 指示代词

指示代词包括:this,that,these,those。

1) this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that和those

则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,例如:

This is a pen andthat is a pencil.

We are busy these days.

Inthose days the workers had a hard time.

2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this 和these则是指下面将要讲

到的事物,例如:

I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.

What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English.

3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替,例如:

Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.

4)this 在电话用语中代表自己,that 则代表对方。例如:

Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?

4. 反身代词

英语中用来表示"我自己","你自己","他自己","我们自己","你们自己"

等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代名词,其形式如表所示。

反身代词可以在句中作宾语,表语,同位语。

1)作宾语,表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者,主语和宾语指同一个人

或一些人。

He called himself a writer.

Would you please express yourself in English?

2)作表语。

It doesn't matter.I'll be myself soon.

The girl in the news is myself.

3)作主语或宾语的同位语,表示亲自或本人。

I myself washed the clothes.(=I washed the clothes myself.)(作主语同位语)

You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语同位语)

三.巩固练习

1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.

A. you B. me C. him D. her

2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.

A. a little B. little C. a few D. few

3. ---You want ________ sandwich?

---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.

A. other B. another C. others D. the other

4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.

A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs

5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?

---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.

A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.

---Never mind. You can have ________.

A. us B. ours C. you D. yours

7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?

---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.

A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?

---Work harder than last term.

A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself

9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?

---Her cousin, Susan.

A. that B. whose C. who D. which

10. ---Is _______ here?

---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.

A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody

11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.

A. many B. some C. few D. more

12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.

A. more B. other C. the other D. another

13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?

---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?

A. neither B. both C. none D. either

14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?

---No. _______ of them can use a computer.

A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All

15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?

A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that

16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?

A. another B. other C. one D. the other

17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.

A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves

18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?

---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.

A. no B. any C. some D. none

19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.

A. me B. my C. mine D. myself

20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?

高中英语语法大全 第十一章 代词 (2)

2007-01-12 点击数:2292

5. 不定代词

不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词,在句中可作主语、表

语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下:

1)some与any的区别

①some多用于肯定句,表示“一些,几个”作形容词时,后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词;②可数名词+复数动词。

Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.

. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.

②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中,表示“一些,任何”用作形容词时,后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词;②可数名词+复数动词。

If you have any questions, please ask me.

There isn't any orange in the bottle.

Have you got any tea?

③any和some也可以作代词用,表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中,some多用于肯定句中。

How many people can you see in the picture?

I can't see any.

If you have no money, I'll lend you some.

注意:与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法,大致和some, any的用法相同。

2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别

①用作形容词:

表示肯定

表示否定

用于可数名词

a few虽少,但有几个

few不多,几乎没有

用于不可数名词

a little,虽少,但有一点

little不多,没有什么

I'm going to buy a few apples.

He can speak only a little Chinese.

There is only a little milk in the glass.

He has few friends.

They had little money with them.

②a little和little也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”。

I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)

Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)

Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)

She slept very little last night.

3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。

用 法

代名词

形容词

另一个

别人,其他人

another (boy)

另一个(男孩)

other (boys)

其他男孩

the other

另一个

the others

其余那些人、物

the other (boy)

另一个男孩

the other (boys)

其余那些男孩

①other可以作形容词用,后面可以跟单数或复数名词,意思是“其他的、别

的”。

Where are his other books?

I haven't any other books except this one.

②other也可以用作代词,与冠词the连用构成“the other”,表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。

He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.

She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.

③other作代词用时,可以有复数“others”,泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。

Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.

This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.

④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。

We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.

In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.

⑤another可以作形容词用,修饰后面的名词,意为“另一个”,还可以跟代词one.

You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?

Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?

⑥another也可以作代词用,表示“另一个”。

I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.

4)every与each的区别。

1)可单独使用

1)不可单独使用

2)可做代名词、形容词

2)仅作形容词

3)着重“个别”

3)着重“全体”,毫无例外

4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物

4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物

The teacher gave a toy to each child.

Each ball has a different colour.

当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时,我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时,我们想到的是全体的情况,every的意思与all接近,表示他们都如此。

Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.

Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.

5)all和both的用法。

①all指三者以上,或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数,也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。

All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。(作主语)

= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)

All the water has been used up. (作主语)

That's all for today. (作表语)

Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)

All the leaders are here. (作定语)

②both作代词。

a.与其他名词或代词并列出现,表示“两个都”。

Lucy and Lily both agree with us.

They both passed on their sticks at the same time.

How are your parents? They're both fine.

b.与“of +代词(或名词)”连用,表示“两者都”。

Both of them came to see Mary.

Both of the books are very interesting.

c.单独使用,表示“两者(都)”。

Michael has two sons. Both are clever.

I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.

③both用作形容词,放在名词之前,修饰该名词,表示“两者都”。

Both his younger sisters are our classmates.

. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.

6. 相互代词

表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中,each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语,定语。作定语用时,相互代词用所有格形式。

We should learn from each other / one another. (作宾语)

Do you often write to each other / one another? (作宾语)

We often borrow each other's / one another's books. (作定语)

The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework.

(作定语)

7. 疑问代词

疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑

问句中,一般都放在句首,并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如:

Who is going to come here tomorrow? (作主语)

What is that? (作表语)

Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)

Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)

8.关系代词

关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如:

I hate people who talk much but do little.

I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.

With the moneythat he had saved, he went on with his studies.

Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?

三.巩固练习

1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.

A. you B. me C. him D. her

2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.

A. a little B. little C. a few D. few

3. ---You want ________ sandwich?

---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.

A. other B. another C. others D. the other

4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.

A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs

5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?

---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.

A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.

---Never mind. You can have ________.

A. us B. ours C. you D. yours

7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?

---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.

A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?

---Work harder than last term.

A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself

9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?

---Her cousin, Susan.

A. that B. whose C. who D. which

10. ---Is _______ here?

---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.

A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody

11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.

A. many B. some C. few D. more

12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.

A. more B. other C. the other D. another

13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?

---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?

A. neither B. both C. none D. either

14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?

---No. _______ of them can use a computer.

A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All

15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?

A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that

16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?

A. another B. other C. one D. the other

17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.

A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves

18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?

---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.

A. no B. any C. some D. none

19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.

A. me B. my C. mine D. myself

20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?

A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs

四.答案

1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C

三十五个经典句型 帮你过写作关(英语四级)

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.

(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...)

例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...)

例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...)

例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...)

例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...)

例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...)

例句:So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...)

例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...)

例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力,你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...,..能够..)

例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..)

例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...)

例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...)

例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...)

例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.

没有人不渴望上大学。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...)

例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.

夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

二十一、For the past + 时间,S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来,...一直...)

例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。

二十二、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式。

例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中,他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。)

例句:It pays to help others.

帮助别人是值得的。

二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事)

例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health.

做运动与健康息息相关。

二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving

= make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ (因为...)

例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的'梦想。

三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)

例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)

例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响)

例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

三十三、do good to (对...有益),do harm to (对...有害)

例句:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)

例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best (尽全力去...)

例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

常见标点符号的用法

句号 Period [.]

用以表示一个句子的结束

Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.

The federal government is based in Ottawa.

用在缩写中

B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.

Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.

The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.

It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.

问号 Question Mark [?]

在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句:

How many provinces are there in Canada?

注意:在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号:

The teacher asked the class a question.

Do not ask me why.

叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]

在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪:

We won the Stanley Cup!

The forest is on fire!

逗号 Comma [,]

句子中的停顿

Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.

在疑问句中引出说话人:

"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

排列三个或以上的名词:

Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.

引出定语从句

Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.

单引号 Apostrophe [']

表示所有

This is David's computer.

These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)

Note: 对于复数形式的名词,只加'

These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)

缩写I don't know how to fix it.

[NextPage]

引号Quotation Marks ["]

直接引出某人说的话:

The prime minister said, "We will win the election."

"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

冒号Colon [:]

引出一系列名词

There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.

引出一个较长的引语

The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."

分号Semicolon [;]

将两个相关的句子连接起来

The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.

和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词

The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.

破折号Dash [-]

在一个句子前作总结

Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.

在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释

The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.

表示某人在说话过程中被打断

The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.

连字符Hyphen [-]

连接两个单词

sweet-smelling

fire-resistant

将前缀

anti-Canadian

non-contact

在数字中使用

one-quarter

twenty-three

英语六级词汇与语法结构命题趋势

词汇命题趋势

《大学英语教学大纲修订稿》对大学英语基础阶段词汇教学的较高要求(六级)规定如下:

领会式掌握的单词为5,500个,其中复合式掌握的单词为3,000个,以及由这些词构成的常用词组2000条(中学所掌握的单词和词组包括在内),并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力,领会式掌握是指看到英语单词能理解其词义,复合式掌握是指能正确拼写单词并掌握其基本词义和用法。大学英语六级测试就是检验学生是否达到了较高要求。

在大学英语六级考试中,词汇和语法同属一个考试项目,考试时间为20分钟,考试题数为30个,计分为每小题0.5分,其计15分。题目分配:30道题中,约60%(18道题)为词和短语的用法,约40%(12道题)为语法结构。可见,与四级测试相比而言,六级更重视词汇的测试。考试范围为教学大纲词汇表一至六级全部内容。测试词汇量大约5000~5300个单词及一定量的习语,涉及动词、动词短语、名词、形容词和副词等,目的是为了测试学生运用词、短语的能力。

从历年大学英语六级考试的试卷分析可以看出:词汇测试主要集中在词义的记忆与辨析、词汇的搭配与用法等项目上,归纳起来,可大致分为下列几种:?

1.同义、近义辨析题 词汇区别是词汇测试的一个重要方面,它主要是对同义词或近义词在含义与用法上进行区别。这类试题的选项是四个词性相同、词义相同或相近的词。测试的目的在于检测考生辨别词义和运用词汇的能力。词汇区别一直是学生在学习英语过程中遇到的一大难题。这主要是由于他们没有掌握汉英两种语言在词汇方面的差异,往往只注意英语的汉语释义,而忽略了其本身的内在涵义和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐车司机的腿和胳膊只受了一些轻伤。这道题测试考生对同义词细微差别的辨别能力。四个选项中的名词都含有“伤害”之意,但它们之间还有语义使用范围上的细微差别。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的伤害。wound多指由枪炮等武器所造成的伤害。harm指危害、害伤。injury指在事故、战争中所受的伤害。根据题意,答案应选D。

2.近形词汇题 英语词汇中,有一些拼写很相似,但它们的词义或词性却不同。英语六级考试的一条重要命题规律就是用形近词来干扰考生作出正确选择。其目的是要检测考生辨别词形和运用词汇的能力。如果考生平时不善于对形近词进行自觉的对比,对它们的差异不甚了解,那就会在答题时绯徊不定,难以作出正确的选择,甚至张冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。尽管工程的远期效果还无法预测,委员会还是批准了这项工程。这四个词拼写相似,但它们的词义或词性却不同。affect动词,意为“影响”;effect为名词,意为“效果”;effort名词,意为“努力”;afford动词,意为“负担得起;提供”。掌握了它们之间的这些差异,你会毫不犹豫地选择B。

3.词组与习惯用法辨析题 1)动词短语搭配 英语动词短语是英语的难点之一,它是由动词+副词、动词+介词、动词+副词+介词几种方式构成的惯用组合,具有自己独特的意义。其意义、语法、用法等常使考生感到困难。首先,动词短语的词义不是动词和副词、介词等小品词的简单组合,往往难以从字面上理解。其次,动词短语的使用场合及范围不易弄清楚。第三,同义、近义和反义的动词短语容易混淆。要学好英语,必须学会使用动词短语。测试动词短语的题目在词汇题中占有很大的比例,其目的是测试考生辨别和运用动词短语,尤其是同一动词所构成的不同动词短语的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄电池电力减弱了,因此汽车无法发动起来。这是一个因果关系的句子。“汽车为什么发动不起来?”原因是“电池电力减弱”。四个选项中,只有run down有“减弱”之意,其它三个选择项与本句意思不合。run up表示“增长”,run off“逃离”;run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了这四个动词短语的含义,就会作出正确的选择了。?

2)习惯用语题 英语习语(English idiom)具有特有的、约定俗成的结构形式,如“步行”,可说on foot,不说by foot,而“乘车”要说by bus,不说on bus。再如anything but与nothing but两个词组意义完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英语中的习语令人眼花缭乱,其构成形式有的甚至无规律可循。它们通常由两个或两个以上的词组成,不能任意拆开。其意义常常不是单词意义的简单结合,而是另外具有新的意义。因此,应把词组作为一个整体来记。测试的目的是检验考生对常用词组的理解和运用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在厨房门口,你挡路了。这四个选择项都是固定词组,都有自己的含义。ina way表示“在某种程度上或某点上”;by the way“顺便说一下”;in no way“决不”;in the way表示“挡路,妨碍”;“阻止”。根据题意答案应为D。学生面对这些貌似杂乱无章,没有规律可循的习惯表达法,一方面要广读多看,博词强记;另一方面还要会寻找规律,学会归纳,避免机械记忆而事倍功半。 总而言之,解答词汇题的先决条件是对词汇的理解和辨析。因此考生平时要注意弄清楚词的内涵和外部关系,尤其是要注意了解名词、动词、形容词等实词彼此之间以及它们与介词或副词之间的搭配关系。与此同时,还要留心词的惯用法,把习语作为一个整体储存在脑海里。?

语法命题趋势

语法结构是考生必须掌握的一个重要部分。在六级考试中,语法内容出现在词语用法与语法结构这一部分(Vocabulary and Structure)。从以往考试的全真题来看,语法结构所占的比例略小于词语用法,但数目相差并不多。语法测试要求考生根据题目所提供的某种线索,从给出的四个选择项中选出在语法规则上、语意逻辑上及文体上与题干完全吻合的最佳答案。从内容上来看,语法部分的测试强调全面性,除略微偏重虚拟语气外,教学大纲语法结构表中的其他语法项目几乎都涉及到了。语法测试的另一个重要特点是其特殊性,测试的重点多为语法项目中的特殊点,如虚拟语气中if的省略与倒装、情态动词与完成体的搭配等。 因此,考生必须在全面、准确、透彻掌握基本语法项目的基础上,进一步钻研其中特殊的疑难点,并辅以大量的练习,才能顺利通过语法难关。 语法结构部分主要测试时态和语态、虚拟语气、主从复合句(定语从句、名词从句、状语从句等)、句法结构(强调句型、倒装语序、独立结构等)以及一致问题、固定句型等内容。考生需要注意的是,在开始答题之前,一定要对选择项及题干进行认真的分析,辨明该题所要测试的语法点以及出题者的测试意图,只有这样,在应试时才能做到心中有数,临场不乱。

一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)

一般将来时也译为单纯将来时。

例A:I shall not come if it rains tomorrow.

(如明天下雨我就不来。)

例B:My brother will leave for the United States next week.

(我的哥哥下星期要到美国去。)

解说 从句式我们可以了解一般将来时的表达须借助于助动词“shall/will”。关于“shall/will”的用法,传统文法谈得很多,同时各文法学家的理论也不很一致。更重要的是英国人和美国人对“shall/will”的用法规则并不很一致,也不很严谨,所以本书拟只提供下面的五个规则,相信各位只要把下面这五个规则学通了,你的“shall/will”的用法就可以中规中矩了。

①说或写都尽量使用“I'll, You'll, He'll , She'll , It'll, We'll , They'll …”的简缩形(如用法例2、3)。

②要表达主语的“意志”,通常都用“will”(文法上称为意志将来。)

例A:I won't see him again.

(我不愿意再和他见面。)

例B:Who will go and help that poor old man?

(谁愿意去帮助那个可怜的老人?)

Mary will . (玛莉愿意。)

③说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去,通常用“shall”。

例A:You shall not do that again.

(你不可以再做那样的事。)

例B:He shall return that book tomorrow.

(明天他必须把那本书归还。)

④第一人称问句使用“shall”。

例A:Shall I call you a taxi ?

(需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗?)

例B:Shall we tell her the truth ?

(我们可以把实情告诉她吗?)

⑤问句是“Shall…?”,答句就用“shall ~”;问句用“Will …?”,答句就用“will ~ ”。

例A:Shall you go to school tomorrow ?

(你明天须要上学去吗?)

Yes, I shall . We'll have an exam .

(是的,我必须去。我们明天有考试。)

例B:Will you go to school with me tomorrow?

(明天你要不要和我一道去学校?)

No, I won't . I'm going on a picnic.

(我不要。我已定好要去郊游。)

注:Let's …”的附加疑问通常使用“…, shall we ?”。

Let's have a rest, shall we?

(我们休息一下,怎样?)

一般将来时除了使用“shall/will + V…”以外,也可以使用下列的几种句式来表达。

1.be going to + V … (即将会……;打算将……)

例A:It is going to rain. Take an umbrella with you.

(带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。)

例B:The Browns are going to move to Australia.

(布朗先生全家打算迁移到澳大利亚去。)

2.be about to + V (即将……,指紧接着要发生的动作。)

例:Let's wait a minute. He is about to arrive.

(我们等一下。他即将会到达。)

3.be + V-ing …(定于……,指接近的将来动作。)

例:He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.

(他定于明天早晨到香港去。)

4.be + to V (定于……,指预定的将来动作。)

例:She is to be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.

(她定于明晨九时到达这里。)

5.V-(e)s (定于……,指接近的将来动作,但不如第3项主观。)

例:He leaves for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.

(他定于明天早晨到香港去。——与(3)项的区别在于(3)项的动作是出自主语的决定,(5)项则不一定是出自主语的决定。)

常用于修饰一般将来时的时间副词有:tomorrow, tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening), next + 时间 (next night, next Monday …, next week, month…, next summer…, next year), in (the) future (将来),soon (不久之后),in +时间 (in five days——再过五天,in two weeks——再过二星期),etc.

Drilling Square

Ⅰ.请在下列各题空格处填入shall或will。

1.You ______ not drive through a red light.

2.I ______ do everything for her.

3.______ you help me with this heavy bag, John?

4.______ I help you with that heavy bag, Madam?

5.Let's go and take a walk after dinner, ______ we?

6."No one ______ leave the classroom if I haven't said Okay," said the teacher.

7.It ______ soon be over, I am sure.

8.Do what you ______ , but don't go out.

9.I ______ take you there with me, if it's OK with your mother.

10.Rain or shine, I ______ come.

Ⅱ.请在下列各题空格处就所设动词给予适当的将来时。

1.A:How do you want to go to Hualain, by air or by train?

B:I am not in a hurry this time, so I (1) take the train.

2.A:(2) (you like) to go to the game this afternoon?

B:I'd love to. Where (3) (we meet) ?

A:You just stay home and wait for me. I (4) drive my car there, so I (5) (pick) you up at about 1:30 .

3.A:It's a good dictionary . I (6) (buy) it, but I don't have money with me now.

B:Don't worry. I (7) (lend) you.

4.A:I hear Miss Chen (8) leave our school and teach in a bigger school in Taipei.

B:But the principal (校长) (9) not let her go . He says she (10) teach at least for another semester until he finds a new teacher.

英语中有哪些基本句式

英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:

S十V主谓结构

S十V十F主系表结构

S十V十O主谓宾结构

S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构

S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构

说明:S=主语;V=谓语;P=表语;O=宾语;O1=间接宾语;O2=直接宾语;C=宾语补足语

五个基本句式详细解释如下:

1.S十V句式

在此句式中,V是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi.)。例如:

He runs quickly.

他跑得快。

They listened carefully.

他们听得很仔细。

He suffered from cold and hunger.

他挨冻受饿。

China belongs to the third world country.

中国属于第三世界国家。

The gas has given out.

煤气用完了。

My ink has run out.

我的钢笔水用完了。

2.S十V十P句式

在此句式中,V是系动词(link v.),常见的系动词有:look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fall ill/asleep,stand/sit still,become,turn等。例如:

He is older than he looks.

他比看上去要老。

He seen interested in the book.

他似乎对这本书感兴趣。

The story sounds interesting.

这个故事听起来有趣。

The desk feels hard.

书桌摸起来很硬。

The cake tastes nice.

饼尝起来很香。

The flowers smell sweet and nicc.

花闻起来香甜。

You have grown taller than before.

你长得比以前高了。

He has suddenly fallen ill.

他突然病倒了。

He stood quite still.

他静静地站看。

He becomes a teacher when he grew up.

他长大后当了教师。

He could never turn traitor to his country.

他永远不会背叛他的祖国。

注意:有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成SVO句式,例如:

He looked me up and down.

他上下打量我。

He reached his hand to feel the elephant.

他伸出手来摸象。

They are tasting the fish.

他们在品尝鱼。

They grow rice in their home town.

他们在家乡种水稻。

He‘s got a chair to sit on.

他有椅子坐。

Please turn the sentence into English.

请把这个句于泽成英语。

3.S十V十O句式

在此句式中,V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。例如:

I saw a film yesterday.

我昨天看了一部电影。

Have you read the story?

你读过这个故事吗?

They found their home easily.

他们很容易找到他们的家。

They built a house last year.

他们去年建了一所房子。

They‘ve put up a factory in the village.

他们在村里建了一座工厂。

They have taken good care of the children.

这些孩子他们照看得很好。

You should look after your children well.

你应该好好照看你的孩子。

4.S十V十O1十O2句式

在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give,ask,bring,offer,send,pay,lend,show,tell,buy,get;rob,warn等。例如:

He gave me a book/a book to me.

他给我一本书。

He brought me a pen/a pen to me.

他带给我一枝钢笔。

He offered me his seat/his seat to me.

他把座位让给我。

注意下边动词改写后介词的变化:

Mother bought me a book/a book for me.

妈妈给我买了一本书。

He got me a chair/a chair for me.

他给我弄了一把椅子。

Please do me a favor/a favor for me.

请帮我一下。

He asked me a question/a question of me.

他问我个问题。

注意,下边动词只有一种说法:

They robbed the old man of his money.

他们抢了老人的钱。

He‘s warned me of the danger.

他警告我注意危险。

The doctor has cured him of his disease.

医生治好了他的病。

We must rid the house of th erats.

我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。

They deprived him of his right to speak.

他们剥夺了他说话的权利。

5.S十V十O十C句式

在此句式中,V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。

常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补,须根据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。

They made the girl angry.

他们使这个女孩生气了。

They found her happy that day.

他们发现那天她很高兴。

I found him out.

我发现他出去了。

I saw him in.

我见他在家。

They saw a foot mark in the sand.

他们发现沙地上有脚印。

They named the boy Charlie.

他们给这个男孩起名为查理。

I saw him come in and go out.

我见他进来又出去。

They felt the car moving fast.

他们感到汽车行驶得很快。

I heard the glass broken just now.

我刚才听到玻璃碎了。

He found the doctor of study closed to him.

他发现研究所的大门对

他关闭了。