1接续法そ接在体言，副词 接续词 助词后面。
2意义和用法そ既做提示又起强调的作用，两者通常是兼而有之。
①提示并突出强调主语，相当于汉语的 唯有 才 正是 等意思●れそ本物で。
●あのたのそ代表的.な日本家屋で。
②强调其他各种文节。
●あそ早く起きよう。
1接续法さえ接在体言，副词 助词 以及活用词连用刑后面
2意义和用法①表示类推，举出一项极端的事例，暗示其他一般性事例 相当于汉语的 就连……也……
●子供でさえ知っいる。
●そは电気さえないような山の中で。
②表示限定唯一必要的某项条件 多用 ……さえ……的形式，相当于汉语的 只要……就…… 的意思●天気さえよけれいく。
●れさえあれ、ほかにはなにいりません。
③表示添加。意味在一个事项上又加上另一个事项，相当于汉语的 而且 甚至 的意思。 可以以さえ的形式做进一步强调。
●强い雨のとろに、风さえ吹き出したからつまらない●やさしいうえに面白くさえできいる。
（一）代词概述
代词用来代替名词，在句中充当主语、宾语和表语，有时还可以充当定语。代词在
（二）基本知识梳理
1. 人称代词：主格作主语，宾格用作及物动词和介词的宾语。
He often helps me.
Who is at the door? It's me.
The bicycle belongs to Tom and me.
出现并列主语或宾语时，其排列顺序为：单数时是第二、第三、第一人称（简称231）即you，he and I或you，her and me；复数时是第一、第二、第三人称（简称123）即we，you and they或us，you and them。
2. 物主代词：形容词性物主代词作定语，后加名词；而名词性物主代词等于形容词性物主代词加名词。如： This is my book. = This book is mine.
名词性物主代词可做主语、宾语和表语。如：
Your pen is blue. Mine is blue,too.
May I use your pen? I've lost mine.
She is a classmate of his.
The bike is hers.
3. 反身代词：用作宾语和起强调作用。
1）作宾语
Help yourself to some cakes.
I can look at myself in the mirror.
They should think more of the public health than themselves.
2）作强调
We do homework by ourselves.
I myself go to the airport to meet my uncle.
4. 指示代词
1）this，that，these，those
What's this(that)? It's a book.
What are these(those)? They are books.
this和these比较靠近，that和those稍远一点。
2）it的用法
（1）指物：It's a robot.
（2）指自然现象： It's raining now, but it will be fine soon.
（3）指时间：What time is it? It's 8 o'clock.
（4）指距离：It's twenty minutes' walk.
（5）作形式主语：It's important for us to fight pollution.
It took me half an hour to finish the work.
It's kind of you to say so.
（6）作形式宾语： We think it necessary to relax from time to time.
5. 不定代词
1）some，any
some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
There are some pens on the desk.
There aren't any pens on the desk.
Are there any pens on the desk?
Some are Chinese. Others are English.
在表示请求、建议、反问等句子中，用some而不是用any。如：
Would you like some drink?
any也可以表示任何一个。如：
Do you know any of her friends?
If you have any questions, you can ask me.
2）复合不定代词：something， anything，nothing，everything，somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody，someone，anyone，no one，everyone，somewhere，anywhere，nowhere，everywhere这些不定代词都作单数，表示“某物”、“某人”、“某地”。
（1）作主语：
Someone is waiting for you.
No one is in the classroom.
（2）作宾语：
Have you got anything to say?
Did you see anything else in the classroom?
（3）不定代词被形容词修饰时，定语放在它们的`后面。如：
I’ve got something interesting to tell you.
There's nothing new in the newspaper.
3）a few，few，a little，little前两者修饰可数名词，后两者修饰不可数名词。few，little表示否定，意思是几乎没有；a few，a little表示肯定，意思是还有几个、有一点。如：
There is still a little time left, you needn't hurry.
I can't buy anything because I have little money on me.
4）both（两者都，复数），all（三者以上都，复数），neither（两者都不，单数），none（三者以上都不，单复数），either（两者中的一个，单数），both...and， neither...nor， either...or
（1）作主语：
Both of the twins are doctors.
All of them are honest.
Neither of them is a doctor.
None of them is/are honest.
（2）词组：
Both Li Ping and I are students.
Neither Li Ping nor I am a student.
（3）作形容词：
on both sides of the river
on either side of the river
注意下面句子转化：
Both of them are teachers.
改成否定句是： Neither of them is a teacher.
All of us are students.
改成否定句是： None of us is a student. 或： None of us are students.
5）one ...the other(s)表示一个……其余的……，是有范围的；some...others 表示一些……另一些……，是无范围的；another 表示很多中的另一个，再……个。如：
He has two brothers. One is an engineer, the other is a writer.
Some like football. Others like basketball.
Some books on the shelf are in Chinese, the others in English.
She will be in hospital for another two weeks.（她将在医院再住两星期。）
The soldiers tried their best and did what they could _________ against the flood.
A. fight B. to fight C. fighting D. fought
有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 fight，即断定选A答案。其实选错了，正确答案应是BA。这是一个省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为The soldiers tried their best and did what they could do to fight against the flood (士兵们竭尽全力抗洪)。即句中的不定式短语 (to fight against the flood) 用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：
(1) He did what he could to help us. 他尽力帮助我们。(2) He saved what he could to buy a car. 他尽量节约每一分钱以便买车。(3) He ran as fast as he could to catch the early bus. 他拼命地跑以便赶上早班车。
至此，有的同学可能又会想当然地认为，今后只要遇到类似结构的题选带to不定式就万事大吉了，但也不一定，例外还是有的，还得具体问题具体分析。请看下例：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _________ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope C. hoping D. hoped
若根据以上“
(5) He spent every minute he could _________ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise C. practising D. practised
【分析】此题应选 C，它与以上各题的情形均有所不同，虽然与上面的`第(4)题的答案一样，均为动词的 –ing 形式，但也不完全一样：第(4) –ing 的 hoping 为现在分词，在句中用作伴随状语；而此题的 practising 是动名词，之所以用它与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … (in) doing sth。
(6) Mr Smith made up his mind to devote all he could _________ his oral English before going abroad. A. improveA.B. to improve C. improving D. to improving
【分析】此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为“把……贡献给……”；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。
