现代汉语语序一般以主语在前，谓语在后；定语在前，中心语在后；状语在前，动词在后；谓语在前，宾语在后。如果这种顺序被颠倒，就成为“倒装句”。文言文的语序倒装主要有四种：
A、主谓倒装。在感叹句或疑问句中，为了强调谓语而将它放在句首，以加强感叹或疑问语气。
B、宾语前置。否定句中代词充当宾语、疑问代词充当动词或介词的宾语以及用“之”字或“是”字作为提宾标志时候，宾语通常都要前置。
C、定语后置。古汉语中有时为了突出修饰语，将定语放在中心词的后面。
D、状语后置（介宾结构后置）
A、主谓倒装。
1、渺渺兮予怀。——“渺渺”是主语“予怀”的前置谓语，译：我的心想得很远很远啊。（《赤壁赋》）
B、宾语前置。
疑问句中代词作动词或介词的宾语提前：
1、何为其然也？——（何为是为何的倒装）译：为什么箫声这么悲凉呢？（《赤壁赋》）
2、而今安在哉？——（安在是在安的倒装）译：现在在哪里呢？（《赤壁赋》）
3、而又何羡乎？——（何羡是羡何的倒装）译：又羡慕什么呢？（《赤壁赋》）
4、不然，籍何以至此。——（何以是以何的.倒装）译：不如此，我怎么会这样？（《鸿门宴》）
5、今日之事何如？——（何如是如何的倒装）译：今天的事情怎么样？（《鸿门宴》）
6、客何为者？——（何为是为何的倒装）译：客人是干什么的？（《鸿门宴》）
7、大王来何操？——（何操是操何的倒装）译：大王来时带了什么东西？（《鸿门宴》）
8、沛公安在？——（安在是在安的倒装）译：沛公在哪里？（《鸿门宴》）
否定句中代词作宾语提前：
1、及时相遣归。——（相遣归是遣归相的倒装）译：趁早送我回娘家。（《孔雀东南飞》
2、嬉戏莫相忘。——（相忘是忘相的倒装）译：游戏时不要忘了我。《孔雀东南飞》
3、誓天不相负。——（相负是负相的倒装）译：我指天发誓，绝不会辜负你。《孔雀东南飞》
4、好自相扶将。——（相扶将是扶将相的倒装）译：好好侍奉婆婆。《孔雀东南飞》
5、还必相迎取。——（相迎取是迎取相的倒装）译：那时一定去接你。《孔雀东南飞》
6、久久莫相忘！——（相忘是忘我的倒装）译：永远不要忘记我啊！《孔雀东南飞》
7、君既若见录。——（见录是录我的倒装）译：您既然如此惦记我。《孔雀东南飞》
8、然不自意能先入关破秦。——（自意是意自的倒装）译：但是我没有料到自己能先进入关中（《鸿门宴》）
用“之”“是”把宾语提到前边
C、定语后置。
文言文虽有修饰词放在中心词前面的，但多数置于中心词之后，所以构成了文言文句式的又一特点。定语后置主要有两种情况：一是用“者“”之“”而“作标志词。二是数量词作定语时，也常后置。
1、凌万顷之茫然。——（茫然是万顷的后置定语）译：越过茫茫的江面。（《赤壁赋》）
2、客有吹洞萧者，——（吹洞箫是客的后置定语）译：有吹洞箫的客人（《赤壁赋》）
3、太子及宾客知其事者。——（知其事是宾客的后置定语）译：太子以及知道这件事的宾客。（《荆轲刺秦王》）
4、我持白璧一双，欲献项王，玉斗一双，欲与亚父。——（一双是白璧的后置定语，一双是玉斗的后置定语）译：我拿一双白璧，想献给项王，一双玉斗，想给亚父。（《鸿门宴》）
5、群臣侍殿上者。——（侍殿上是群臣的后置定语）译：侍立在殿上的群臣。（《荆轲刺秦王》）
6、金千斤，邑万家。——（千斤是金的后置定语，万家是邑的后置定语）译：一千斤金和一万户人口的封地。（《荆轲刺秦王》）
7、范增数目项王，举所佩玉玦以示之者三。——（三是举所佩玉玦以示之的后置定语）译：范增多次向项王使眼色，再三举起他佩带的玉暗示项王。（《鸿门宴》）
D、状语后置（介宾结构后置）。
1、苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。（应为“苏子与客于赤壁之下泛舟游”）（《赤壁赋》）
2、月出于东山之上。（应为“月于东山之上出。”）（《赤壁赋》）
3、徘徊于斗牛之间。（应为“于斗牛之间徘徊。”）（《赤壁赋》）
4、况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上。（应为“况吾与子于江渚之上渔樵”）（《赤壁赋》）
5、相与枕藉乎舟中。（应为“相与乎舟中枕藉。”）（《赤壁赋》）
6、唐浮图慧褒始舍于其址。（应为“唐浮图慧褒始于其址舍。”）（《游褒禅山记》）
7、古人之观於天地、山川、草木、虫鱼、鸟兽，（古人之於天地、山川、草木、虫鱼、鸟兽观）（《游褒禅山记》）
7、沛公军霸上。（应为“沛公（于）霸上驻军“）（《鸿门宴》）
8、徘徊庭树下。（应为“（于）庭树下徘徊”）（《孔雀东南飞》）
9、夫今樊将军，秦王购之金千斤，邑万家。（应为“夫今樊将军，秦王（以）金千斤，邑万家购之。”）
译：现在樊将军，秦王用一千斤金和一万户人口的封地作赏格，购取他的头。（《荆轲刺秦王》）
10、嘉为先言于秦王曰。（应为“嘉为先于秦王言曰。”）译：蒙嘉替他先在秦王面前说道。（《荆轲刺秦王》）
11、燕王拜送于庭。（应为“燕王于庭拜送。”）译：燕王亲自在庭前拜送。（《荆轲刺秦王》）
12、见燕使者咸阳宫。（应为“（于）咸阳宫见燕使者。”）译：（秦王）在咸阳宫接见燕国的使者。（《荆轲刺秦王》）
13、沛公左司马曹无伤使人言于项羽曰。（应为“沛公左司马曹无伤使人于项羽言曰。”）译：刘邦的左司马曹无伤派人对项羽说。（《鸿门宴》）
14、具告以事。（应为“以事具告。”）译：把事情全告诉了他。（《鸿门宴》）
15、长于臣。（应为“于臣长。”）译：比我大。（《鸿门宴》）
16、具以沛公言报项王。（应为“以沛公言具报项王。”）译：把刘邦的话全部报告了项羽。（《鸿门宴》）
17、得复见将军于此。（应为“得于此复见将军。”）译：能够在这里又见到将军。（《鸿门宴》）
一、主谓倒装(谓语前置或主语后置)
古汉语中，谓语的位置也和现代汉语中一样，一般放在主语之后，但有时为了强调和突出谓语的意义，在一些疑问句或感叹句中，就把谓语提前到主语前面。
例如：
①甚矣，汝之不惠!(汝之不惠甚矣!)
②安在公子能急人之困(公子能急人之困在安)
③宜乎百姓之谓我爱也(百姓之谓我爱宜乎)
④甚矣，乌纱之横，皂隶之俗哉!(乌纱之横，皂隶之俗甚矣!)
二、定语后置
1、在中心词和后置定语中间加之字，再用者字结尾，组成中心词+之+定语+者的格式。例如：
①于是集谢庄少年之精技击者而诏之。(精技击之少年)
②五谷者，种之美者也。(五谷是庄稼中的好种)
③马之千里者一食或尽粟一石(千里马)
④石之铿然有声者所在皆是也(铿然有声之石)
2、在中心词和后置定语中间加之字，组成中心词+之+定语的格式，表示定语后置。
例如：
①蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也(蚓无利之爪牙，强之筋骨)
②云霞雕色，有喻画工之妙，草木贲华，无待锦匠之奇。(云霞绘出色彩，已超过巧妙的画师;草木装饰鲜花，不依靠神奇的`绣工)
④居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。(居高之庙堂，处远之江湖)
3、定语放在中心词后，用者字结尾，组成中心词+定语+者的格式。例如：
①遂率子孙荷担者三夫。
②其故人尝与佣耕者闻之。[他(陈胜)一些曾经一道给人作雇工耕田的老朋友听到了这个消息]
③太子及宾客知其事者皆白衣冠以送之(知其事之太子及宾客)
⑤计未定，求人可使报秦者(求可使报秦之人)
⑤村中少年好事者(好事之少年)
4、在中心词和后置定语中间加而字，再用者字结尾，组成中心词+而+定语+者的格式。例如：
①此四者，天下之穷民而无告者。[这四种人(鳏、寡、孤、独)，是社会上无依无靠的穷苦人]
②缙绅而能不易其者志者，四海之大，有几人与?(能不易其志之缙绅)
5、数量词定语后置，组成中心词+数量词的格式。
①军书十二卷，卷卷有爷名。
②尝贻余核舟一
三、介词结构后置
现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前，若置于位于之后便是补语。但在文言文中，处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解。介词结构即介宾短语，文言文中常见的是用以、于组成的介宾短语，作状语后置有以下几种情况：
1、用介词于组成的介宾短语在文言文中大都处在补语的位置，译成现代汉语时，除少数仍作补语外，大多数都要移到动词前作状语。例如：
①青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。(荀子《劝学》)两个于蓝在翻译时，都要放在动词前做状语。
②事急矣，请奉命求救于孙将军(请奉命于孙将军求救)
③公与之乘，战于长勺(于长勺战)
2、介词以组成的介宾短语，在今译时，一般都作状语。例如：
①具告以事。(以事具告)
②乃取蒙冲斗舰十艘，裹以帷幕(以帷幕裹)
③形似酒樽，饰以篆文山龟兽之形(以篆文山龟兽之形饰)
④覆之以掌(以掌覆之)
四、宾语前置
包含动词宾语前置，介词宾语前置
(一)动词宾语前置
1、否定句中代词作宾语，宾语前置于动词之前，否定词之后。(所谓否定句，是指表示否定的句子，即凡句中带有否定副词不、弗、未、非、否、毋或表示否定的动词无或代词莫的句子叫否定句)例如：
①古之人不余欺(古之人不欺余)
②残贼公行，莫之或止(莫或止之)
③自书典所记，未之有也(未有之也)
2、疑问句中，疑问代词作宾语，宾语前置。古汉语中，使用频率大的疑问代词是何字，其它还有谁、孰、安(什么、什么地方)、胡(什么)、奚(什么、哪里)、曷(什么)等。例如：
①(刘)预州今欲何往(今欲往何)
②王曰：谁可使者?(可使者谁)
③权知其意，执素手曰：卿欲何言?(卿欲言何)
3、用之或是或之为把宾语提到动词前，以加重语气(此种情况古汉语并不多见)
例如：
①譬若以肉投馁虎，何功之有哉?(有何功)
②唯利是图(图利)
③唯命是听(从命)
④唯你是问(问你)
⑤句读之不知，惑之不解。
(二)介词宾语前置
文言文中，常见的介词有于、以、为、与、从、自、向等，他们往往与后面的名词或名词短语结合，组成介词结构，这些在介词后的名词或名词短语叫做介词宾语，介词宾语一般放在介词后。文言文中有以下几种情况介词宾语放在介词前。
1、疑问代词作宾语，一般放在介词前。例如：
①王问：何以知之?(以何知之)
②微斯人，吾谁与归?(吾与谁归)
2、介词宾语不是疑问代词，但是为了强调它，也放在介词的前面，这种情况最常见是介词以的宾语前置。例如：
①余是以记之(余以是记之)
②一言以蔽之(以一言蔽之)
③夜以继日
3、介词宾语是方位词，也放在介词前。例如：
①项王东向坐，亚父南向坐(向东;向南)
1. Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realized
2. Only by practising a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language.
A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you
3. If you don't go， neither ____.
A. shall I B. do I C. I do D. I shall
4. No sooner ____ to the station ____ the train left.
A. had I got， when B. I had got， than C. had I got， than D. did I get， when
5. —— Your father is very strict with you.
____. He never lets off a single mistake of ours.
A. So he is B. So is he C. He is so D. So does he
6. ____ today， he would get there by Sunday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
7. Never in my life ____ such a thing.
A. I have heard or have seen
B. have I heard or seen
C. I have heard or seen
D. did I hear or see
8. —— Here ____！ Where is Xiao Liu？
There ____.
A. comes the bus， is he
B. comes the bus， he is
C. the bus comes， is he
D. the bus comes， he is
9. ____ ， I will not buy it.
A. Much as do I like it
B. As much I like it
C. Much as I like it
D. As I like it much
10. —— I like football. I don't like volleyball.
____.
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. So it is with me D. So is it with me
11. _____ the expense， I _____ to Italy.
A. If it were not， go
B. Were it not for， would go
C. Weren't it for， will go
D. If it hadn't been， would have gone
12. So _____ in the darkness that he didn't dare to move an inch.
A. he was frightened
B. was he frightened
C. frightened he was
D. frightened was he
13. —— In modem times， girls like beautiful clothes.
Yes, _____ and . After all, our life has greatly improved.
A. so do they， so do you
B. so they do， so you do
C. so do they， so you do
D. so they do， so do you
14. —— You have an English class every day except Sunday.
_____.
A. So we have B. So we do C. So have we D. So do we
15. I wonder if your wife will go to the ball. If your wife _____， so _____ mine.
A. does， will B. will， does C. will， would D. does， do
16. Only after I read the text over again _____ its main idea.
A. that I knew B. did I knew C. 1 could know D. I did know
17. —— You seem to have learned all the English words by heart.
_____ .
A. So l do B. So do l C. So I have D. So have I
18. —— I seldom watch TV， but listen to the radio a lot.
_____ .
A. So do I B. Neither do I C. I m the same D. So it is with me
19. So excited _____ that he couldn't say a word.
A. he seemed B. did he seem C. was he seeming D. he did look
20. Jimmy was so nervous not a single word _____ down in the dictation.
A. he wrote B. he was written C. did he write D. was he written
21. Little ______ when 1 took the trip where it would lead me.
A. have I known B. had I known C. do 1 know D. did I know
22. —— Have you ever seen anything like that before？
---- ____.
A. No， I never have seen anything like that before
B. No， never I have seen anything like that before
C. No， never have 1 seen anything like that before
D. No， I have seen anything like that before never
23. _____ ， 1 would accept the invitation and go to the party.
A. Were I you B. Was I you C. Had I been you D. Would 1 be you
24. You should work less _____.
A. and neither should I B. and so should I C. and nor should I D. and so I should
25. _____ and caught the mouse.
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat
26. Not only _____ a promise， but also he kept it.
A. did he make B. he made C. does he make D. has he made
27. His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. _____.
A. So is his aunt B. So has his aunt C. So his aunt does D. So it is with his aunt
28. Not once _____ their plan.
A. did they change B. they changed C. changed they D. they did change
29. —— Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother？
I don't know, and ______ .
A. nor don't I care
B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither
D. I don't care also
30. Not until he arrived home _____ he find that this wallet had been stolen.
A. did B. would C. when D. that
31. —— This is one of the oldest trees in the world.
_____ such a big tree.
A. Never I have seen
B. I haven't never seen
C. Never have I seen
D. I have seen never
32. Nowhere else in the world _____ cheaper tailoring（裁缝业， 成衣业）than in Hong Kong.
A. a tourist can find
B. can a tourist find
C. a tourist will find
D. a tourist has found
33. _____ succeed in doing anything.
A. Only by working hard we can
B. By only working hard we can
C. Only we can by working hard
D. Only by working hard can we
34. _____ that we all went out， lying in the sun.
A. So fine was the weather
B. So was the fine weather
C. The weather was so fine was
D. So the weather was tine
35. ____ a nice man ____ that we all believe him.
A. So， did he seem
B. So， he seemed
C. Such， he seemed
D. Such， did he seem
36. ——You seem to be an actor.
____ . I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A. So do I B. So am I C. So I do D. So I am
37. Not only ____ working hard， but also ____ very polite.
A. the boy is， he is B. is the boy， he is C. the boy is， is he D. is the boy， is he
38. ____， he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
A. Try as he does B. As he tries C. Try as does he D. As try he does
39. —— I cannot see the picture well from here.
---- _____.
A. Neither can t I B. Neither I can C. I can't neither D. Neither can I
40. —— You ought to have given them some advice
---- _____, but who cared what I asked?
A. So ought you B. So 1 ought C. So it was D. So I did
41. So carelessly _____ that he almost killed himself.
A. he drives B. does he drive C. did he drive D. he drove
42. Little _____ about his own health though he was very ill.
A. he cared B. did he care C. he cares D. does he care
43. Well ____ know him and well ____ know me.
A. I did， he did B. did I， he did C. did I， did he D. I did， did he
44. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street.
A. did they hear the news than
B. did they hear the news when
C. had they heard the news than
D. had they heard the news when
45. Little wonder _____ up their hands in dismay.
A. have some thrown
B. some have thrown
C. thrown some have
D. have thrown some
46. ____， he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to study
B. If he studied hard
C. Had he studied hard
D. Should he study hard
47. We were lucky enough， for no sooner _____ home _____ it rained.
A. we returned， and
B. we had returned， when
C. did we return， when
D. had we returned， than
48. So little _____ agree on the plan that they could not settle their difference.
A. did they B. do they C. they did D. they did not
49. _____ he realized it was too late to return home.
A. No sooner it grew dark than
B. Hardly did it grow dark when
C. It was not until dark that
D. It was until dark that
参考答案
1~5 BDACA 6~10 CBBCC 11~15 BDDBA 16~20 BADBC 21~25 DCABC
26~30 ADABA 31~35 CBDAD 36~40 DBADD 41~45 CBCCB 46~49 CDAC
